{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:07:39Z","timestamp":1789506459747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To investigate the receptor status of the sex steroid hormones in apocrine metaplasia of the breast. METHODS: 82 cases of apocrine metaplasia, including 18 of the rare lesion apocrine adenosis, were studied immunohistochemically for the expression of androgen receptor, oestrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor proteins on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. The standard avidin biotin complex (ABC) technique was followed and appropriate positive and negative controls were used. RESULTS: All the studied cases (82\/82) were positive for androgen receptor, but were negative for oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Apocrine metaplastic epithelium, unlike the normal breast epithelium, is responsive to androgens, through androgen receptors, rather than to the female sex hormones. This may have clinical implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.52.11.838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]],"date-time":"2009-01-01T00:05:02Z","timestamp":1230768302000},"page":"838-841","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Immunohistochemical localisation of androgen receptor in apocrine metaplasia and apocrine adenosis of the breast: relation to oestrogen and progesterone receptors."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"A G","family":"Selim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C A","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Ackerman\u2019s surgical pathology","author":"Rosai, J.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosai J. Ackerman\u2019s surgical pathology, 8th ed., Mosby-Year Book, 1996:1565\u20139.","edition":"8th ed"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Relation between component parts of fibrocystic disease complex and breast cancer","volume":"61","author":"Page, D.L.; Vander Zwaag, R.; Rogers, L.W.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Page DL, Vander Zwaag R, Rogers LW, et al. Relation between component parts of fibrocystic disease complex and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978;61:1055\u201363.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"813","article-title":"Intraductal apocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 37 cases","volume":"7","author":"Tavassoli, F.A.; Norris, H.J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Tavassoli FA, Norris HJ. Intraductal apocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 37 cases. Mod Pathol 1994;7: 813\u201318.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199107000-00010","article-title":"Is cystic disease related to breast cancer?","volume":"15","author":"Haagensen, D.E.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Haagensen DE. Is cystic disease related to breast cancer? Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:687\u201394.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"13","article-title":"The association between gross cysts of the breast and breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Harrington, E.; Lesnik, G.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Harrington E, Lesnik G. The association between gross cysts of the breast and breast cancer. Breast 1980;7:13\u201317.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6413.275","article-title":"Risk of breast cancer in women with history of benign disease of the breast","volume":"288","author":"Roberts, M.M.; Jones, V.; Elton, R.A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Roberts MM, Jones V, Elton RA, et al. Risk of breast cancer in women with history of benign disease of the breast. BMJ 1984;288:275\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501173120303","article-title":"Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferatvie disease","volume":"312","author":"Dupont, W.D.; Page, D.L.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dupont WD, Page DL. Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferatvie disease. N Engl J Med 1985;312: 146\u201351.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"29","article-title":"Papillary apocrine change of the breast: association with atypical hyperplasia and risk of breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Page, D.L.; Dupont, W.D.; Jensen, R.A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Page DL, Dupont WD, Jensen RA. Papillary apocrine change of the breast: association with atypical hyperplasia and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5:29\u201332.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"49","article-title":"Tumours of the mammary gland. In: Atlas of tumour pathology, 3rd series, fasc 7","author":"Rosen, P.P.; Oberman, H.A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosen PP, Oberman HA. Tumours of the mammary gland. In: Atlas of tumour pathology, 3rd series, fasc 7, Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1993:49\u201366."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.48.8.737","article-title":"Apocrine adenosis: a precursor of aggressive breast disease","volume":"48","author":"Wells, C.A.; McGregor, I.L.; Makunura, C.N.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wells CA, McGregor IL, Makunura CN, et al. Apocrine adenosis: a precursor of aggressive breast disease. J Clin Pathol 1995;48:737\u201342.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960615)77:12<2529::AID-CNCR16>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Atypical apocrine adenosis of the breast: clinicopathological study of 37 patients with 8.7-year fellow up","volume":"77","author":"Seidman, J.D.; Ashton, M.; Lefkowitz, M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Seidman JD, Ashton M, Lefkowitz M. Atypical apocrine adenosis of the breast: clinicopathological study of 37 patients with 8.7-year fellow up. Cancer 1996;77:2529\u2013 37.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0510763","article-title":"The control of the apocrine glands of the rabbit by steroid hormones","volume":"51","author":"Wales, N.A.M.; Ebling, F.J.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Wales NAM, Ebling FJ. The control of the apocrine glands of the rabbit by steroid hormones. J Endocrinol 1971;51: 763\u201370.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17804.x","article-title":"Review of GCDFP- 15: an apocrine marker protein","volume":"586","author":"Haagensen, D.E.; Dilley, W.G.; Mazoujian, G.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Haagensen DE, Dilley WG, Mazoujian G, et al. Review of GCDFP-15: an apocrine marker protein. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;586:161\u201373.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(85)90289-5","article-title":"The relationship of cyst type to risk factors for breast cancer and the subsequent development of breast cancer in patients with breast cystic disease","volume":"21","author":"Dixon, J.M.; Lumsden, A.B.; Miller, W.R.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dixon JM, Lumsden AB, Miller WR. The relationship of cyst type to risk factors for breast cancer and the subsequent development of breast cancer in patients with breast cystic disease. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1985;21: 1047\u201350.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(87)80169-7","article-title":"Apocrine cystic metaplasia: subgross pathology and prevalence in cancer associated versus random autopsy breasts","volume":"18","author":"Wellings, SR, Alpers; C.E.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wellings SR, Alpers CE. Apocrine cystic metaplasia: subgross pathology and prevalence in cancer associated versus random autopsy breasts. Human Pathol 1987;18: 381\u20136.","journal-title":"Human Pathol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb17788.x","article-title":"Criteria for classifying breast cyst fluids","volume":"586","author":"Angeli, A.; Bradlow, H.L.; Bodian, A.C.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Angeli A, Bradlow HL, Bodian AC, et al. Criteria for classifying breast cyst fluids. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990;586:49\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)80965-1","article-title":"Identification of multiple proliferative growth factors in breast cyst fluid","volume":"166","author":"Ness, J.C.; Sedghinasab, M.; Moe, R.E.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ness JC, Sedghinasab M, Moe RE, et al. Identification of multiple proliferative growth factors in breast cyst fluid. Am J Surg 1993;166:237\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7085.925","article-title":"Cohort study of association of risk of breast cancer with cyst type in women with gross cystic disease of the breast","volume":"314","author":"Bruzzi, P.; Dogliotti, L.; Naldoni, C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bruzzi P, Dogliotti L, Naldoni C, et al. Cohort study of association of risk of breast cancer with cyst type in women with gross cystic disease of the breast. BMJ 1997;314:925\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)06408-3","article-title":"Risk of breast cancer in women with palpable breast cysts: a prospective study","volume":"353","author":"Dixon, J.M.; McDonald, C.; Elton, R.A.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dixon JM, McDonald C, Elton RA, et al. Risk of breast cancer in women with palpable breast cysts: a prospective study. Lancet 1999;353:1742\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(90)90222-F","article-title":"Levels of eighteen nonconjugated and conjugated steroids in human breast cysts fluid; relationship with cyst type","volume":"26","author":"Belanger, A.; Caron, S.; Labrie, F.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Belanger A, Caron S, Labrie F, et al. Levels of eighteen nonconjugated and conjugated steroids in human breast cysts fluid; relationship with cyst type. Eur J Cancer 1990;26: 277\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/29.4.6166661","article-title":"Use of avidin-biotinperoxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabelled antibody (PAP) procedures","volume":"29","author":"Hsu, S.-M.; Raine, L.; Fanger, H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hsu S-M, Raine L, Fanger H. Use of avidin-biotinperoxidase complex (ABC) in immunoperoxidase techniques: a comparison between ABC and unlabelled antibody (PAP) procedures. J Histochem Cytochem 1981;29: 577\u201380.","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711730413","article-title":"Brief, high temperature heat denaturation (pressure cooking): a simple and eVective method of antigen retrieval for routinely processed tissues","volume":"173","author":"Norton, A.J.; Jordan, S.; Yeomans, P.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Norton AJ, Jordan S, Yeomans P. Brief, high temperature heat denaturation (pressure cooking): a simple and eVective method of antigen retrieval for routinely processed tissues. J Pathol 1994;173:371\u20139.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of estrogen and progesterone receptor and prognosis in human primary breast cancer","volume":"50","author":"Reiner, A.; Neumeister, B.; Spona, J.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Reiner A, Neumeister B, Spona J, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of estrogen and progesterone receptor and prognosis in human primary breast cancer. Cancer Res 1990;50:1057\u201361.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"35","article-title":"Cellular growth and differentiation","volume-title":"pathologic basis of disease","author":"Cotran, R.S.; Kumar, V.; Robbins, S.L.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cotran RS, Kumar V, Robbins SL. Cellular growth and differentiation. In: Robbins SL, ed. Robbins pathologic basis of disease, 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994:35\u201350.","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(97)80053-2","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of apocrine breast lesions","volume":"193","author":"Gatalica, Z.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gatalica Z. Immunohistochemical analysis of apocrine breast lesions. Pathol Res Pract 1997;193:753\u20138.","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(89)90704-6","article-title":"Correlation of estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors in breast cancer","volume":"157","author":"Ellis, L.M.; WittliV, L.; Bryant, M.S.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ellis LM, WittliV L, Bryant MS, et al. Correlation of estrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors in breast cancer. Am J Surg 1989;157:577\u201381.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910520415","article-title":"Immunohistochemical determination of androgen receptors in relation to oestrogen and progesterone receptors in female breast cancer","volume":"52","author":"Kuenen-Boumeester, V.; Van der Kwast, T.H.; van Putten, W.L.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kuenen-Boumeester V, Van der Kwast TH, van Putten WL, et al. Immunohistochemical determination of androgen receptors in relation to oestrogen and progesterone receptors in female breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1992;52:581\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9776(96)90055-7","article-title":"Prognostic role of oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptor in relation to patient age in patients with breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Collett, K.; Maehle, B.O.; Skjarven, R.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Collett K, Maehle BO, Skjarven R, et al. Prognostic role of oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptor in relation to patient age in patients with breast cancer. Breast 1996;5: 123\u20136.","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"4","article-title":"Androgen receptor expression in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: relationship to Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, apolipoprotein-D and zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein","volume":"186","author":"Selim, A.A.; Yeomans, P.; Jordan, S.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Selim AA, Yeomans P, Jordan S, et al. Androgen receptor expression in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: relationship to Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15, apolipoprotein-D and zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein. J Pathol 1998;186:4.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02389545","article-title":"Androgen receptors, serum androgen levels and survival of breast cancer patients","volume":"247","author":"Langer, M.; Kubista, E.; Schemper, M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Langer M, Kubista E, Schemper M, et al. Androgen receptors, serum androgen levels and survival of breast cancer patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1990;247:203\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711700106","article-title":"Immunohistochemical demonstration of androgen receptor in breast cancer and its relationship to other prognostic factors","volume":"170","author":"Isola, J.J.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Isola JJ. Immunohistochemical demonstration of androgen receptor in breast cancer and its relationship to other prognostic factors. J Pathol 1993;170:31\u20135.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00689836","article-title":"Medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits the proliferation of estrogenand progesterone-receptor negative MFM-223 human mammary cancer cells via the androgen receptor","volume":"25","author":"Hackenberg, R.; Hawighorst, T.; Filmer, A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hackenberg R, Hawighorst T, Filmer A, et al. Medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits the proliferation of estrogenand progesterone-receptor negative MFM-223 human mammary cancer cells via the androgen receptor. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1993;25:217\u201324.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.52.11.838","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T23:58:17Z","timestamp":1717199897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.52.11.838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.52.11.838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.52.11.838","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}}}