{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:41:43Z","timestamp":1790883703769,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>AIM: To examine strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for specific antifungal factors. METHODS: Two clinical strains of P aeruginosa with strong in vitro inhibition (by cross streak assay) of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus were examined. Both strains were isolated from sputum--one from a patient with cystic fibrosis and one from a patient with bronchiectasis. Bacterial extracts were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography and examined by ultraviolet absorbance and mass spectroscopy. Antifungal activity against C albicans and A fumigatus was determined in a well plate assay. RESULTS: Pyocyanin was the major antifungal agent of P aeruginosa; 1-hydroxy-phenazine also possessed activity. Pyocyanin MICs for C albicans and A fumigatus were &gt; 64 micrograms\/ml. These phenazines were active against nine other yeast species pathogenic for man. Preliminary experiments also suggested possible inhibition of yeast mycelial transformation in C albicans by pyocyanin. CONCLUSIONS: There may be a role for pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine in the prevention of pulmonary candidiasis in patients colonised by P aeruginosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.52.5.385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T19:05:02Z","timestamp":1230750302000},"page":"385-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":261,"title":["Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine inhibit fungal growth."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"J R","family":"Kerr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G W","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Rutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"H\u00f8iby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P J","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053377","article-title":"Mycoflora in cystic fibrosis: some ecologic aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans","volume":"50","author":"Hughes, W.T.; Kim, H.K.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hughes WT, Kim HK. Mycoflora in cystic fibrosis: some ecologic aspects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 1973;50:261\u20139.","journal-title":"Mycopathol Mycol Appl"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)91943-7","article-title":"Inhibition of fungal growth by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Kerr, JR","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kerr JR. Inhibition of fungal growth by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Infect 1994;28:305\u201310.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.2.525-527.1994","article-title":"Suppression of fungal growth exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"32","author":"Kerr, JR","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kerr JR. Suppression of fungal growth exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:525\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90179-9","article-title":"A new method of preparation of pyocyanin and demonstration of an unusual bacterial sensitivity","volume":"95","author":"Knight, M.; Hartman, P.E.; Hartman, Z.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Knight M, Hartman PE, Hartman Z, et al. A new method of preparation of pyocyanin and demonstration of an unusual bacterial sensitivity. Anal Biochem 1979;95:19\u201323.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"297","article-title":"Anti-mycotic activity of pyocyanine in vitro and in vivo on a pathogenic strain of Candida albicans","volume-title":"G Batteriol Virol Immunol Microbiol","volume":"66","author":"Costa, A.L.; Cusumano, V.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Costa AL, Cusumano V. Anti-mycotic activity of pyocyanine in vitro and in vivo on a pathogenic strain of Candida albicans. G Batteriol Virol Immunol Microbiol 1973;66:297\u2013 308."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112787","article-title":"Pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit the beating of human respiratory cilia in vitro","volume":"79","author":"Wilson, R.; Pitt, T.; Taylor, G.W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Wilson R, Pitt T, Taylor GW, et al. Pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibit the beating of human respiratory cilia in vitro. J Clin Invest 1987;79:221\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/162.1.178","article-title":"Proinflammatory interactions of pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine with human neutrophils in vitro","volume":"162","author":"Ras, G.J.; Anderson, R.; Taylor, G.W.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ras GJ, Anderson R, Taylor GW, et al. Proinflammatory interactions of pyocyanin and 1-hydroxyphenazine with human neutrophils in vitro. J Infect Dis 1990;162:178\u2013185.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/fgbi.1996.0013","article-title":"Dibutyryl cyclic AMP-enhanced germ tube formation in exponentially growing Candida albicans cells","volume":"20","author":"Niimi, M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Niimi M. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP-enhanced germ tube formation in exponentially growing Candida albicans cells. Fungal Genet Biol 1996;20:79\u201383.","journal-title":"Fungal Genet Biol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2848","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.61.7.2848-2853.1993","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin on human ciliary beat in vitro","volume":"61","author":"Kanthakumar, K.; Taylor, G.; Tsang, K.W.T.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kanthakumar K, Taylor G, Tsang KWT, et al. Mechanisms of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin on human ciliary beat in vitro. Infect Immun 1993;61:2848\u201353.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.56.9.2515-2517.1988","article-title":"Measurement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine pigments in sputum and assessment of their contribution to sputum sol toxicity for respiratory epithelium","volume":"56","author":"Wilson, R.; Sykes, D.A.; Watson, D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wilson R, Sykes DA, Watson D, et al. Measurement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phenazine pigments in sputum and assessment of their contribution to sputum sol toxicity for respiratory epithelium. Infect Immun 1988;56:2515\u201317.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.52.5.385","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T03:26:23Z","timestamp":1765077983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jcp.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jcp.52.5.385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jcp.52.5.385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.52.5.385","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9746","1472-4146"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9746","type":"print"},{"value":"1472-4146","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,5]]}}}