{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:29:36Z","timestamp":1791844176464,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The events of 11 September 2001 and the subsequent anthrax outbreaks have shown that the West needs to be prepared for an increasing number of terrorist attacks, which may include the use of biological warfare.\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    has long been considered a potential biological warfare agent, and this review will discuss the history of its use as such. It will also cover the biology of this organism and the clinical features of the three disease forms that it can produce: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation anthrax. In addition, treatment and vaccination strategies will be reviewed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.3.182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,27]],"date-time":"2003-02-27T20:26:09Z","timestamp":1046377569000},"page":"182-187","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":240,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"R C","family":"Spencer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012948"},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/00013542-199307000-00003","volume":"4","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.18.1735"},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jinf.2001.0906"},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31612"},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.6","unstructured":"Wheelis M. Biological sabotage in World War I. In: Geissler E, van Courtland Moon JE, eds. Biological and toxin weapons: research, development and use from the Middle Ages to 1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999:35\u201362."},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.7","unstructured":"Carter GB. Chemical and biological defence at Porton Down: 1916\u20132000. London: HMSO, 2000."},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.8","first-page":"67","volume":"137","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies"},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guillemin J. Anthrax: the investigation of a deadly outbreak. Berkley, California: University of California Press, 1999.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520927100"},{"key":"2025121220491293000_56.3.182.10","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Health aspects of chemical and biological weapons. 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