{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:25:30Z","timestamp":1791109530819,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To determine any associations between the\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes babA2, oipA, cagA and the s and m alleles of vacA. In addition, to verify whether these genes work synergistically or independently in causing gastritis, peptic ulcer, and intestinal metaplasia.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    One hundred and sixty seven\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    positive patients were studied (52 antral gastritis, 41 diffuse gastritis, 41 peptic ulcer, and 33 duodenitis).\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    virulence genes were amplified by means of the polymerase chain reaction.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Significant associations were found between babA2 and the other\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes studied. When considered singly, all the genes were associated with disease diagnosis, inflammation, and intestinal metaplasia. Four\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    groups were defined. Group A: cagA\u2212, s2m2, babA2\u2212; group B: cagA+, s1m1, babA2+; group C: cagA+, s1m2, babA2+; group D: cagA+, s1m2, babA2\u2212. Group A infecting strains were associated with less severe endoscopic and inflammatory conditions, whereas group B strains were associated with the worst endoscopic and inflammatory findings. Intestinal metaplasia was a rare finding in group A infected patients (&lt; 10%), whereas it was frequent in those infected with group B strains (48%).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes cagA, oipA \u201con\u201d, s1 and m1 vacA, and babA2 are associated with each other, possibly as a result of shared selective pressure. When coexpressed by the same\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain, cagA, s1 and m1 vacA, and babA2 work synergistically in worsening inflammation. Infections caused by strains coexpressing cagA, s1m1 vacA, and babA2 are those at higher risk for intestinal metaplasia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.4.287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,27]],"date-time":"2003-03-27T13:45:20Z","timestamp":1048772720000},"page":"287-291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":112,"title":["<i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    babA2, cagA, and s1 vacA genes work synergistically in causing intestinal 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