{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T04:33:25Z","timestamp":1780461205399,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Clin Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold> The susceptibility patterns of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic> isolated from specimens submitted to 12 private laboratories in South Africa were determined.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations were performed on the isolates in the microbiology laboratory at Tygerberg Hospital according to the recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> According to the NCCLS breakpoints, 24% of 729 <jats:italic>S pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolates were sensitive, 30% intermediate, and 46% resistant to penicillin. Rates of macrolide resistance were high, with 61% of the pneumococci being resistant to clarithromycin and azithromycin. Co-trimoxazole resistance was also high, with 28% of pneumococcal strains being sensitive, 21% intermediate, and 51% resistant. \u03b2 Lactamase was produced by 7% of 736 <jats:italic>H influenzae<\/jats:italic> isolates and 91% of 256 <jats:italic>M catarrhalis<\/jats:italic> isolates. The quinolones, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin, were universally active against all isolates tested, which included <jats:italic>S pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>H influenzae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>M catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>K pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>S pyogenes<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                  <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were the most commonly isolated organisms. Resistance to penicillin was one of the highest reported in the world (76%) in <jats:italic>S pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, as was macrolide resistance in pneumonocci, although surprisingly, only 14% of <jats:italic>S pyogenes<\/jats:italic> were resistant. The quinolones, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin, were active against all organisms tested, including the penicillin and macrolide resistant strains and moxifloxacin was more active than levofloxacin against pneumococci.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.5.344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,28]],"date-time":"2003-04-28T18:03:49Z","timestamp":1051553029000},"page":"344-347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["National surveillance programme on susceptibility patterns of respiratory pathogens in South Africa: moxifloxacin compared with eight other antimicrobial agents"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"L D","family":"Liebowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Slabbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Huisamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092505352366000_56.5.344.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.8.s.2.5.x","volume":"8","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025092505352366000_56.5.344.2","unstructured":"NCCLS. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Document M7-A5. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 2002."},{"key":"2025092505352366000_56.5.344.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7159.609"},{"key":"2025092505352366000_56.5.344.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530270046030"},{"key":"2025092505352366000_56.5.344.5","unstructured":"NCCLS. 2002. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Document M100-S12, Vol. 22, No. 1. 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