{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:06:45Z","timestamp":1790766405609,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Childhood trauma exposure has been associated with deficits in cognitive functioning. The influence of timing of exposure on the magnitude and persistence of deficits is not well understood. The impact of exposure in early development has been especially under-investigated. This study examined the impact of interpersonal trauma exposure (IPT) in the first years of life on childhood cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children (N=206) participating in a longitudinal birth cohort study were assessed prospectively for exposure to IPT (physical or emotional abuse or neglect, sexual abuse, witnessing maternal partner violence) between birth and 64\u2005months. Child intelligent quotient (IQ) scores were assessed at 24, 64 and 96\u2005months of age. Race\/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, maternal IQ, birth complications, birth weight and cognitive stimulation in the home were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IPT was significantly associated with decreased cognitive scores at all time points, even after controlling for socio-demographic factors, maternal IQ, birth complications, birth weight and cognitive stimulation in the home. IPT in the first 2 years appeared to be especially detrimental. On average, compared with children not exposed to IPT in the first 2\u2005years, exposed children scored one-half SD lower across cognitive assessments.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IPT in early life may have adverse effects on cognitive development. IPT during the first 2 years may have particular impact, with effects persisting at least into later childhood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2011-200727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]],"date-time":"2012-04-04T20:32:42Z","timestamp":1333571562000},"page":"1005-1010","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["Interpersonal trauma exposure and cognitive development in children to age 8\u2005years: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Bosquet Enlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byron","family":"Egeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A","family":"Blood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert O","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind J","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2009-2"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90012-4"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838001002003002"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20.3.292"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00045-1"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.7","first-page":"249","article-title":"The neurobiology of attachment and early personality organization","volume":"16","author":"Schore","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Prenat Perinat Psychol Health"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003078"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.08.002"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579403000166"},{"key":"2025100308533227000_66.11.1005.11","unstructured":"Sroufe LA Egeland B Carlson EA . 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