{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T07:05:26Z","timestamp":1765609526591,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Birthweight and gestational age are the two most commonly used continuous variables in perinatal research. Dichotomous outcomes derived from these two variables include low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age, each extensively used as perinatal and population health indicators within public health research and health surveillance systems. However, these dichotomous indicators have inherent limitations that need to be considered in the design, analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies. In this report, we present seven caveats that may help researchers and users of epidemiological data avoid common (and not so common) pitfalls in the consideration of these indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2011-200772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]],"date-time":"2012-07-31T23:25:30Z","timestamp":1343777130000},"page":"971-975","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Seven caveats on the use of low birthweight and related indicators in health research: Table 1"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Marcelo L","family":"Urquia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel G","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1233"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.6.1235"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501103120204"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj237"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.5","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Too Early, Too Small: A Profile of Small Babies Across Canada. Ottawa, Ont: CIHI, 2009."},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.6","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. Canadian perinatal health report, 2008 Edition. Public health agency of Canada. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, 2008."},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181b58fbf"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090979"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)90889-3","article-title":"A multicenter study of preterm birth weight and gestational age-specific neonatal mortality","volume":"168","author":"Copper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.3.378"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.11","first-page":"624","article-title":"Fetal growth and perinatal viability in California","volume":"59","author":"Williams","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070429","article-title":"Foetal growth retardation","volume":"22","author":"Wigglesworth","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.015"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn374"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)35159-3","article-title":"Birth weight curves tailored to maternal world region","volume":"34","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.10.889"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1751"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328693"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000053923"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2004.028"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14164.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00365-K"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13336.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.10.004"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600569133","article-title":"Longitudinal reference ranges for estimated fetal weight","volume":"85","author":"Johnsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1995.06030168.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01273.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2001.00205.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.108621"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01870.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2010.01155.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.038","article-title":"Small-for-gestational-age infants classified by customized or population birthweight centiles: impact of gestational age at delivery","volume":"197","author":"Groom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm327"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.079006485.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.35","first-page":"663","article-title":"Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Kramer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00707.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.128029"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.e35"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr230"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00012.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000158124.96300.c7"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.34769"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000153"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.34775"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.127498"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02523.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-8-1"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-8-46"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00624.x"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7275.1501"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68704-7"},{"key":"2025100302140603000_66.11.971.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000127037.12652.76"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2011-200772","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:14:13Z","timestamp":1759482853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2011-200772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2011-200772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2011-200772","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0143-005X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1470-2738"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,31]]}}}