{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:30:48Z","timestamp":1791959448128,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used the introduction of free bus travel for young people in London in 2005 as a natural experiment with which to assess its effects on active travel, car use, road traffic injuries, assaults, and on one measure of social inclusion, total number of trips made.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A controlled before\u2013after analysis was conducted. We estimated trips by mode and distances travelled in the preintroduction and postintroduction periods using data from London Travel Demand Surveys. We estimated rates of road traffic injury and assault in each period using STATS19 data and Hospital Episode Statistics, respectively. We estimated the ratio of change in the target age group (12\u201317\u2005years) to the change in adults (ages 25\u201359\u2005years), with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The proportion of short trips travelled by bus by young people increased postintroduction. There was no evidence for an increase in the total number of bus trips or distance travelled by bus by young people attributable to the intervention. The proportion of short trips by walking decreased, but there was no evidence for any change to total distance walked. Car trips declined in both age groups, although distance travelled by car decreased more in young people. Road casualty rates declined, but the pre\u2013post ratio of change was greater in young people than adults (ratio of ratios 0.84; 95% CI 0.82 to 0.87). Assaults increased and the ratio of change was greater in young people (1.20; 1.13 to 1.27). The frequency of all trips by young people was unchanged, both in absolute terms and relative to adults.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The introduction of free bus travel for young people had little impact on active travel overall and shifted some travel from car to buses that could help broader environmental objectives.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2012-202156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]],"date-time":"2013-06-13T21:31:38Z","timestamp":1371159098000},"page":"641-647","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Health impacts of free bus travel for young people: evaluation of a natural experiment in London"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Phil","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Petticrew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alasdair","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Population Health Sciences, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport Studies (ITS), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Nellthorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Transport Studies (ITS), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.11.019"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.06.010"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.10.004"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60766-1"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61714-1"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.08.009"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9072454"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2011.133165"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300946"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.99.8.402"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2010.030486"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.12","unstructured":"SEU Social Exclusion Unit. Making the connections: final report on transport and social exclusion. London: Social Exclusion Unit, 2003."},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2011-200375"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c117"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2004.11.008"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.16","unstructured":"The health impact of free bus travel for young people in London: protocol for an observational study [database on the Internet]. London, LSHTM 2011. http:\/\/www.lshtm.ac.uk\/php\/hsrp\/buses\/publications\/4wilkinson2011protocol.pdf ."},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.17","unstructured":"TfL Transport Data Library. http:\/\/romulus.tfl.gov.uk\/webview (accessed 27 Mar 2013)."},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.18","unstructured":"Travel in London, supplementary report: London Travel Demand Survey (LTDS). London: Transport for London, 2011. http:\/\/www.tfl.gov.uk\/assets\/downloads\/london-travel-demand-survey.pdf"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.19","unstructured":"Jones A . Free for some? Setting the context for the \u2018On the Buses\u2019 study. London: LSHTM, 2010."},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2012.01.003"},{"key":"2025100300140094000_67.8.641.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green J Jones A Roberts H . More than A to B: the role of free bus travel for the mobility and wellbeing of older citizens in London. Ageing Soc 2012 (in press). doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1017\/S0144686X12001110.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X12001110"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2012-202156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T07:14:07Z","timestamp":1759475647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2012-202156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2012-202156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2012-202156","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,13]]}}}