{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:47:25Z","timestamp":1759538845485,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present probabilistic and Bayesian techniques to correct for bias in categorical and numerical measures and empirically apply them to a recent survey of female sex workers (FSW) conducted in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used bias parameters from a previous validation study to correct estimates of behaviours reported by FSW. Monte-Carlo Sensitivity Analysis and Bayesian bias analysis produced point and simulation intervals (SI).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The apparent and corrected prevalence differed by a minimum of 1% for the number of \u2018non-condom use sexual acts\u2019 (36.8% vs 35.8%) to a maximum of 33% for \u2018ever associated with a venue to sell sex\u2019 (35.5% vs 68.0%). The negative predictive value of the questionnaire for \u2018history of STI\u2019 and \u2018ever associated with a venue to sell sex\u2019 was 36.3% (95% SI 4.2% to 69.1%) and 46.9% (95% SI 6.3% to 79.1%), respectively. Bias-adjusted numerical measures of behaviours increased by 0.1\u2005year for \u2018age at first sex act for money\u2019 to 1.5 for \u2018number of sexual contacts in last 7\u2005days\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The \u2018true\u2019 estimates of most behaviours are considerably higher than those reported and the related SIs are wider than conventional CIs. Our analysis indicates the need for and applicability of bias analysis in surveys, particularly in stigmatised settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-202521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,29]],"date-time":"2013-06-29T00:17:15Z","timestamp":1372465035000},"page":"882-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bias analysis to improve monitoring an HIV epidemic and its response: approach and application to a survey of female sex workers in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Mirzazadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Regional Knowledge Hub for HIV\/AIDS Surveillance, WHO Collaborating Center, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Ali","family":"Mansournia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saharnaz","family":"Nedjat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soodabeh","family":"Navadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Regional Knowledge Hub for HIV\/AIDS Surveillance, WHO Collaborating Center, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willi","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Akbar","family":"Haghdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Knowledge Hub for HIV\/AIDS Surveillance, WHO Collaborating Center, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"},{"name":"Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazem","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200104003-00005","article-title":"HIV surveillance among female sex workers","volume":"15","author":"Ghys","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0285-z"},{"key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740701457082"},{"key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.027235"},{"key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00005"},{"key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Precision and statistics in epidemiologic studies. In: Modern epidemiology. 3rd edn. 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Applying quantitative bias analysis to epidemiologic data. New York: Springer, 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-87959-8"},{"key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.00598.x"},{"key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.14","unstructured":"Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Bias analysis. In: Modern epidemiology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2008:354\u20136."},{"key":"2025100311525819000_67.10.882.15","first-page":"2","article-title":"Bias analysis to guide new data collection","volume":"6","author":"Lash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biostatistics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2013-202521","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T18:53:04Z","timestamp":1759517584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2013-202521"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,27]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2013-202521"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2013-202521","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0143-005X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1470-2738"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,27]]}}}