{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T03:43:14Z","timestamp":1793072594172,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of extreme temperatures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the relationship between extreme temperatures and paediatric emergency department admissions (EDAs) in Brisbane, Australia, during 2003\u20132009.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quasi-Poisson generalised linear model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model was used to examine the relationships between extreme temperatures and age-, gender- and cause-specific paediatric EDAs, while controlling for air pollution, relative humidity, day of the week, influenza epidemics, public holiday, season and long-term trends. The model residuals were checked to identify whether there was an added effect due to heat waves or cold spells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 131\u2005249 EDAs among children during the study period. Both high (RR=1.27; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.44) and low (RR=1.81; 95% CI 1.66 to 1.97) temperatures were significantly associated with an increase in paediatric EDAs in Brisbane. Male children were more vulnerable to temperature effects. Children aged 0\u20134\u2005years were more vulnerable to heat effects and children aged 10\u201314\u2005years were more sensitive to both hot and cold effects. High temperatures had a significant impact on several paediatric diseases, including intestinal infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, nervous system diseases and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Low temperatures were significantly associated with intestinal infectious diseases, respiratory diseases and endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases. An added effect of heat waves on childhood chronic lower respiratory diseases was seen, but no added effect of cold spells was found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As climate change continues, children are at particular risk of a variety of diseases which might be triggered by extremely high temperatures. This study suggests that preventing the effects of extreme temperature on children with respiratory diseases might reduce the number of EDAs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-202725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,22]],"date-time":"2013-11-22T20:22:46Z","timestamp":1385151766000},"page":"304-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Extreme temperatures and paediatric emergency department admissions"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbiao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyle R","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilu","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Social Work & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60935-1"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.2","unstructured":"IPCC. Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Geneva, 2007."},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.3","unstructured":"WHO. Protecting health from climate change\u2014World Health Day 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008."},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003198"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5957"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.10.016"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1522-8401(01)90006-0"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2645"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318193e12e"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002233","article-title":"Global climate change and children's health: threats and strategies for prevention","volume":"119","author":"Sheffield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.10.004"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.07.002"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042232"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11594","article-title":"The 2006 California heat wave: impacts on hospitalizations and emergency department visits","volume":"117","author":"Knowlton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2003.012047"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-006-5039-0"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2568"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181fdcd99"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000239688.70829.63"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.04.058"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037500"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.062141"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.23","unstructured":"Begg S Vos T Barker B . The burden of disease and injury in Australia 2003. PHE 82. Canberra: Australian Institute of health and Welfare; 2007. http:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/WorkArea\/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442459747"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061720"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Use of \u201cCold Spell\u201d indices to quantify excess chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) morbidity during winter (November to March 2000\u20132007): case study in Porto","volume":"57","author":"Monteiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Biometeorol"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2011.01.009"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang C Shipley M Marmot M . Lower ambient temperature was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for stroke and acute myocardial infarction in young women. J Clin Epidemiol 2004;57.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.10.016"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-009-0076-0"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000134875.15919.0f"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3940"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.05.006","article-title":"What measure of temperature is the best predictor of mortality","volume":"110","author":"Barnett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.087999"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318190ee08"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.34","unstructured":"Gasparrini A Armstrong B . Distributed lag non-linear models in R: the package dlnm. 2012. http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/dlnm\/vignettes\/dlnmOverview.pdf"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-006-0742-7"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-006-0089-4"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00705092"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823031c5"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-40"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900701815818"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1686-1"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01814.x"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-1"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1316","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.4.R1316","article-title":"Circadian rhythm changes in core temperature over the menstrual cycle: method for noninvasive monitoring","volume":"279","author":"Coyne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181ad5522"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.4.825"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.47","first-page":"442","article-title":"Effects of EI Ni\u00f1o and ambient temperature on hospital admissions for diarrhoeal diseases in Peruvian children","volume":"355","author":"Checkley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.09.001"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268807008229","article-title":"Climatic factors associated with hospitalizations for rotavirus diarrhoea in children under 5\u2005years of age","volume":"136","author":"D'Souza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym148"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0709(87)80037-6"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6683.1280"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.53","first-page":"368","article-title":"Some factors affecting the airborne survival of bacteria outdoors","volume":"79","author":"Handley","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.06.022"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2008.09.011"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.56","first-page":"938","article-title":"Exposure to cold and respiratory tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Mourtzoukou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.09.005"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(99)00025-2"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000147114.25957.71"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.8.1088","article-title":"Deaths of psychiatric patients during heat waves","volume":"49","author":"Bark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11339"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4"},{"key":"2025100302545786000_68.4.304.64","unstructured":"Xu Z Sheffield P Su H . The impact of heat waves on children's health: a systematic review. Int J Biometeorol 2013:1\u20139."}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2013-202725","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:55:08Z","timestamp":1759485308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2013-202725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,22]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2013-202725"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2013-202725","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,22]]}}}