{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:18:08Z","timestamp":1792887488719,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Knowledge on the long-term development of adiposity throughout childhood\/adolescence and its prenatal determinants and health sequelae is lacking. We sought to (1) identify trajectories of Body Mass Index (BMI) from 1 to 18\u2005years of age, (2) examine associations of maternal gestational smoking and early pregnancy overweight with offspring BMI trajectories and (3) determine whether BMI trajectories predict health outcomes: asthma, lung function parameters (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>)\/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio), and blood pressure, at 18\u2005years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Isle of Wight birth cohort, a population-based sample of 1456 infants born between January 1989 and February 1990, was prospectively assessed at ages 1, 2, 4, 10 and 18\u2005years. Group-based trajectory modelling was applied to test for the presence of latent BMI trajectories. Associations were assessed using log-binomial and linear regression models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Four trajectories of BMI were identified: \u2018normal\u2019, \u2018early persistent obesity\u2019, \u2018delayed overweight\u2019, and \u2018early transient overweight\u2019. Risk factors for being in the early persistent obesity trajectory included maternal smoking during pregnancy (RR 2.16, 95% CI 1.02 to 4.68) and early pregnancy overweight (3.16, 1.52 to 6.58). When comparing the early persistent obesity to the normal trajectory, a 2.15-fold (1.33 to 3.49) increased risk of asthma, 3.2% (0.4% to 6.0%) deficit in FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC ratio, and elevated systolic 11.3\u2005mm\u2005Hg (7.1 to 15.4) and diastolic 12.0\u2005mm\u2005Hg (8.9 to 15.1) blood pressure were observed at age 18\u2005years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Maternal prenatal exposures show prolonged effects on offspring's propensity towards overweight-obesity. Distinct morbid BMI trajectories are evident during the first 18\u2005years of life that are associated with higher risk of asthma, reduced FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC ratio, and elevated blood pressure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-203808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,4]],"date-time":"2014-06-04T02:18:03Z","timestamp":1401848283000},"page":"934-941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Developmental trajectories of Body Mass Index from infancy to 18\u2005years of age: prenatal determinants and health consequences"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ali H","family":"Ziyab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norman J. 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