{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:28:05Z","timestamp":1778657285163,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cohort studies on hepatitis C virus (HCV) among drug injectors are scarcer than studies on HIV. Combined harm reduction interventions (HRIs) can prevent HCV infection. Spain has a medium\u2013high coverage of HRIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>513 young heroin users who injected drugs in the past 12\u2005months (recent injectors) were street-recruited in 2001\u20132003 and followed until 2006 in three Spanish cities; 137 were anti-HCV seronegative, 77 of whom had \u22651 follow-up visit. Dried blood spots were tested for anti-HCV. HCV incidence and predictors of infection were estimated using Poisson models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At baseline, 73% were anti-HCV positive. Overall incidence (n=77) of HCV seroconversion was 39.8\/100 person-years (py) (95% CI 28.7 to 53.8). Excluding non-injectors during follow-up from the analysis (n=57), HCV incidence was 52.9\/100 py (95% CI 37.4 to 72.5). Injecting at least weekly (incidence rate ratio (IRR)=5.2 (95% CI 2.5 to 11.1)) and having \u22652 sexual partners (IRR=2.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 4.7)) were independent predictors of HCV seroconversion; drug-injection history &lt;2\u2005years was marginally associated (IRR=2.4 (95% CI 0.9 to 4.7)). HCV incidence may have been underestimated due to differential attrition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite fairly high HRI coverage among Spanish drug injectors, a distressingly high incidence of HCV in a context of high HCV prevalence was found among young heroin injectors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]],"date-time":"2015-04-13T22:16:15Z","timestamp":1428963375000},"page":"599-603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["High hepatitis C virus prevalence and incidence in a community cohort of young heroin injectors in a context of extensive harm reduction programmes"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregorio","family":"Barrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M Teresa","family":"Brugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Public Health Agency, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Pulido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Microbiology, La Paz-Cantoblanco-Carlos III University Hospital, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Sordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Espelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia en Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda J","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Itinere Project Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100308091604000_69.6.599.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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