{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:19:18Z","timestamp":1790223558369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight and small-for-gestational age (SGA) are associated with lower socioeconomic position (SEP) in developed Western settings, but it is unclear if such disparities persist to the same extent elsewhere, and whether associations differ by measure of SEP used. Here, we assessed the association of SEP with PTB, birth weight and SGA in the recently developed non-Western setting of Hong Kong where few women smoke or use alcohol.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used multivariable logistic and linear regression to assess the associations of parental and neighbourhood SEP with PTB, birth weight and SGA among 8173 singleton births from the Hong Kong population-representative \u2018Children of 1997\u2019 birth cohort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The only measure of SEP associated with PTB was type of housing adjusted for maternal age (p for trend 0.046). Highest paternal education had a small positive association with birth weight adjusted for gestational age (21\u2005g, 95% CI 0.2 to 43\u2005g for \u2265grade 12 compared with \u2264grade 9), as did residing in private compared with public housing (21\u2005g, 95% CI 3 to 39\u2005g). However, these associations did not persist after adjusting for mother's age. Lower neighbourhood Gini coefficient adjusted for mother's age was associated with a lower risk of SGA (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.98). None of these associations remained after adjusting for multiple comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>PTB, birth weight and SGA may be less clearly socially patterned in Hong Kong than other developed settings, highlighting the need for setting-specific interventions to prevent adverse birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]],"date-time":"2016-10-11T14:14:08Z","timestamp":1476195248000},"page":"1074-1081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Socioeconomic disparities in preterm birth and birth weight in a non-Western developed setting: evidence from Hong Kong's \u2018Children of 1997\u2019 birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"June Y Y","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel M","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C Mary","family":"Schooling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"City University of New York School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501103120204"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2010.23.3.215"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000348382"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi048"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-S1-S2"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.05.012"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2013.01.003","article-title":"Maternal education level and low birth weight: a meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Silvestrin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2000.00266.x"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00977.x"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.061473"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023531"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.13","unstructured":"Berkman LF , Macintyre S . The measurement of social class in health studies: old measures and new formulations. IARC Sci Publ 1997(138):51\u201364."},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.14","unstructured":"Bourdieu P . The forms of capital. In: Richardson JG , ed. Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. CT: Greenwood Press, 1986 :241\u201358."},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Link BG , Phelan J . Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav 1995(35);Spec No:80\u201394. doi:10.2307\/2626958","DOI":"10.2307\/2626958"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3697"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.17","unstructured":"Central Intelligence Agency. The world factbook. USA: Central Intelligence Agency, 2015."},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.e91"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm181"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932013000321"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00228-8"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.119826"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq243"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.24","unstructured":"Information Services Department. Hong Kong\u2014the facts: housing. Hong Kong: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2014."},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.25","unstructured":"Hong Kong Housing Authority. Housing in figures. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Housing Authority, 2014."},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.26","unstructured":"Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Classification of occupations and coding index. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1980."},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199901000-00005"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2011.01327.x"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj313"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2009.01023.x"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn112"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1633-6"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103578","article-title":"Associations between the quality of the residential built environment and pregnancy outcomes among women in North Carolina","volume":"120","author":"Miranda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.11.025"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws355"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12273"},{"key":"2025100304362582000_70.11.1074.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460050044883"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2015-206668","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T11:36:33Z","timestamp":1759491393000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2015-206668"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2015-206668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2015-206668","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]}}}