{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:57:46Z","timestamp":1777705066406,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Housing conditions are an important social determinant of health. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has systematically assessed the association between housing conditions and physical function limitations in older adults; moreover, whether this association is independent of the socioeconomic status achieved earlier in life is still uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional analysis conducted among 2012 non-institutionalised individuals aged \u226560\u2005years, who participated in the Seniors-ENRICA cohort. Participants reported the following poor housing conditions: living in a walk-up building, lacking heating, or feeling cold frequently. We assessed lower extremity performance with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), mobility or agility limitations with standardised questions, frailty according to the Fried criteria, and disability in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with the Lawton and Brody questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In analyses adjusting for demographic, behavioural and comorbidity variables, when compared with those living in homes without poor housing conditions, those with \u22652 poor conditions showed worse scores in the SPPB (\u03b2 \u22121.06; 95% CI \u22121.46 to \u22120.65) and a higher frequency of agility limitation (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.00 to 2.61) and frailty (OR 8.78; 95% CI 3.00 to 25.60). These associations held after adjustment for educational and occupational levels. Living in a walk-up building was associated with a higher frequency of frailty, while lacking heating was linked to lower scores in the 3 SPPB tests, as well as with an increased frequency of frailty and 4 of its components (exhaustion, slow walking speed, low physical activity and weakness). Feeling cold was linked to increased exhaustion. No association was found between housing conditions and IADL disability.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Poor housing conditions, particularly living in a walk-up building and lacking heating, are independently associated with limitations in physical function in older adults. This entails serious inequalities in functional status, which should be firmly addressed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,25]],"date-time":"2016-05-25T23:44:52Z","timestamp":1464219892000},"page":"954-960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Housing conditions and limitations in physical function among older adults"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Esther","family":"Garc\u00eda-Esquinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid\/Idipaz and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana","family":"P\u00e9rez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid\/Idipaz and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Guallar-Castill\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid\/Idipaz and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 R","family":"Banegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid\/Idipaz and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Ayuso-Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid\/Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n del Hospital de la Princesa and CIBER of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Artalejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid\/Idipaz and CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100308103614000_70.10.954.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123036"},{"key":"2025100308103614000_70.10.954.2","first-page":"CD008657","article-title":"Housing improvements for health and associated socio-economic outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Thomson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025100308103614000_70.10.954.3","unstructured":"Marmot M , Geddes I , Bloomer E , et al . 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