{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:26:11Z","timestamp":1771482371465,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["School for Public Health Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["School for Public Health Research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Excessive alcohol use contributes to public nuisance, antisocial behaviour, and domestic, interpersonal and sexual violence. We test whether licencing policies aimed at restricting its spatial and\/or temporal availability, including cumulative impact zones, are associated with reductions in alcohol-related crime.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reported crimes at English lower tier local authority (LTLA) level were used to calculate the rates of reported crimes including alcohol-attributable rates of sexual offences and violence against a person, and public order offences. Financial fraud was included as a control crime not directly associated with alcohol abuse. Each area was classified as to its cumulative licensing policy intensity for 2009\u20132015 and categorised as \u2018passive\u2019, low, medium or high. Crime rates adjusted for area deprivation, outlet density, alcohol-related hospital admissions and population size at baseline were analysed using hierarchical (log-rate) growth modelling.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>284 of 326 LTLAs could be linked and had complete data. From 2009 to 2013 alcohol-related violent and sexual crimes and public order offences rates declined faster in areas with more \u2018intense\u2019 policies (about 1.2, 0.10 and 1.7 per 1000 people compared with 0.6, 0.01 and 1.0 per 1000 people in \u2018passive\u2019 areas, respectively). Post-2013, the recorded rates increased again. No trends were observed for financial fraud.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Local areas in England with more intense alcohol licensing policies had a stronger decline in rates of violent crimes, sexual crimes and public order offences in the period up to 2013 of the order of 4\u20136% greater compared with areas where these policies were not in place, but not thereafter.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-207753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T22:48:59Z","timestamp":1470955739000},"page":"137-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Testing the impact of local alcohol licencing policies on reported crime rates in England"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"F","family":"De Vocht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR School for Public Health Research (SPHR), Bristol, UK"},{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR School for Public Health Research (SPHR), Bristol, UK"},{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR School for Public Health Research (SPHR), Bristol, UK"},{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR School for Public Health Research (SPHR), Bristol, UK"},{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J D","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences and Well-being Research Group, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Angus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR School for Public Health Research (SPHR), Bristol, UK"},{"name":"ScHARR, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR School for Public Health Research (SPHR), Bristol, UK"},{"name":"ScHARR, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Hickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR School for Public Health Research (SPHR), Bristol, UK"},{"name":"School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100701583012000_71.2.137.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02136.x"},{"key":"2025100701583012000_71.2.137.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03333.x"},{"key":"2025100701583012000_71.2.137.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2013.74.50"},{"key":"2025100701583012000_71.2.137.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00253","article-title":"A review of existing studies reporting the negative effects of alcohol access and positive effects of alcohol control policies on interpersonal violence","volume":"3","author":"Fitterer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025100701583012000_71.2.137.5","first-page":"283","article-title":"Alcohol outlets and violent crime in Washington D.C","volume":"11","author":"Franklin","year":"2010","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025100701583012000_71.2.137.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01753.x"},{"key":"2025100701583012000_71.2.137.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2006.12.011"},{"key":"2025100701583012000_71.2.137.8","unstructured":"Home Office. 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