{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T20:55:11Z","timestamp":1772571311009,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012305","name":"Institute at Brown for Environment and Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012305","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Maternal exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with higher risk of preterm birth and reduced fetal growth, but heterogeneity among prior studies suggests that additional studies are needed in diverse populations and settings. We examined the associations between maternal ambient air pollution levels, risk of preterm birth and markers of fetal growth in an urban population with relatively low exposure to air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We linked 61\u2009640 mother\u2013infant pairs who delivered at a single hospital in Providence, Rhode Island, from 2002 to 2012 to birth certificate and hospital discharge data. We used spatial-temporal models and stationary monitors to estimate exposure to fine particulate matter (PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>) and black carbon (BC) during pregnancy. Using generalised linear models, we evaluated the association between pollutant levels, risk of preterm birth and markers of fetal growth.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In adjusted models, an IQR (2.5\u2009\u00b5g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>) increase in pregnancy-average PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> was associated with ORs of preterm birth of 1.04 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.15) and 0.86 (0.76 to 0.98) when considering modelled and monitored PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, respectively. An IQR increase in modelled and monitored PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> was associated with a 12.1\u2009g (95%\u2009CI \u221224.2 to \u20130.1) and 15.9\u2009g (95%\u2009CI \u221231.6 to \u20130.3) lower birth weight. Results for BC were highly sensitive to choice of exposure metric.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a population with relatively low exposures to ambient air pollutants, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> was associated with reduced birth weight but not with risk of preterm birth.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-208963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]],"date-time":"2017-09-25T20:40:39Z","timestamp":1506372039000},"page":"1131-1136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Maternal ambient air pollution, preterm birth and markers of fetal growth in Rhode Island: results of a hospital-based linkage study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Samantha L","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa N","family":"Eliot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Glazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yara Abu","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel D","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Savitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl T","family":"Kelsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen J","family":"Marsit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Emory University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory A","family":"Wellenius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100311364601000_71.12.1131.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-009-0538-2"},{"key":"2025100311364601000_71.12.1131.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60311-6"},{"key":"2025100311364601000_71.12.1131.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-202970"},{"key":"2025100311364601000_71.12.1131.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2011.05.013"},{"key":"2025100311364601000_71.12.1131.5","unstructured":"WHO. 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