{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:37:49Z","timestamp":1787017069579,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although research indicates that a physically active lifestyle has the potential to prevent cognitive decline and dementia, the optimal type of physical activity\/exercise remains unclear. The present study aimed to determine the cognitive benefits of a golf-training programme in community-dwelling older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a randomised controlled trial between August 2016 and June 2017 at a general golf course. Participants included 106 Japanese adults aged 65 and older. Participants were randomly assigned to either a 24-week (90\u2013120\u2009min sessions\/week) golf-training group or a health education control group. Postintervention changes in Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and National Centre for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Functional Assessment Tool scores were regarded as primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures included changes in physical performance and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 100 participants (golf training, n=53; control, n=47) completed the assessments after the 24-week intervention period. The adherence to the golf programme was 96.2% (51\/53 participants). Analysis using linear mixed models revealed that the golf training group exhibited significantly greater improvements in immediate logical memory (p=0.033), delayed logical memory (p=0.009) and composite logical memory (p=0.013) scores than the control group. However, no significant changes in MMSE, word memory, Trail Making Test or Symbol Digital Substitution Test scores were observed. In addition, no significant changes in grip strength, walking speed or GDS were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Golf-based exercise interventions may improve logical memory in older adults, but no significant changes in other cognitive tests. Further follow-up investigations are required to determine whether the observed effects are associated with delayed onset of mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer\u2019s disease in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/upload.umin.ac.jp\/cgi-open-bin\/ctr\/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000028532\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">UMIN-CTR UMIN000024797<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; Pre-results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-210052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,23]],"date-time":"2018-06-23T12:25:28Z","timestamp":1529756728000},"page":"944-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Effects of golf training on cognition in older adults: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8111-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Shimada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangyoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Akishita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Kozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuya","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gerontology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumiko","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masamichi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Koshiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Gerontology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Toba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100328"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70072-2"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/22682"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angevaren M , Aufdemkampe G , Verhaar HJ , et al . Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD005381. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD005381.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005381.pub3"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03323.x"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00260"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.22.002.2009"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00008","article-title":"Does combined cognitive training and physical activity training enhance cognitive abilities more than either alone? A four-condition randomized controlled trial among healthy older adults","volume":"5","author":"Shatil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-33735"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.189","article-title":"The Mental Activity and eXercise (MAX) trial: a randomized controlled trial to enhance cognitive function in older adults","volume":"173","author":"Barnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.02.008"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00026","article-title":"Cognitive benefits of social dancing and walking in old age: the dancing mind randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Merom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.13","unstructured":"The Royal and Ancient. Golf around the world 2015. The Royal and Ancient. Scotland: The Royal and Ancient, 2015."},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09654280110398725"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00067","article-title":"The effect of leisure activity golf practice on motor imagery: an fMRI study in middle adulthood","volume":"6","author":"Bezzola","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080063","article-title":"Skill in sport","volume":"39","author":"Allard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/07340669008251527","article-title":"Age differences in the effects of background noise on motor and memory performance in a precision sport","volume":"16","author":"Molander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214002452","article-title":"The effects of golf training in patients with stroke: a pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Schachten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makizako H , Shimada H , Park H , et al . Evaluation of multidimensional neurocognitive function using a tablet personal computer: test\u2013retest reliability and validity in community-dwelling older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013;13. doi:10.1111\/ggi.12014","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12014"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13079","article-title":"Validity of the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Functional Assessment Tool and Mini-Mental State Examination for detecting the incidence of dementia in older Japanese adults","volume":"17","author":"Shimada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0685-2","article-title":"Impact of cognitive frailty on daily activities in older persons","volume":"20","author":"Shimada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.24","first-page":"709","article-title":"Geriatric depression scale","volume":"24","author":"Yesavage","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061483","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of multicomponent exercise in older adults with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"8","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002261","article-title":"Age-related cognitive decline and associations with sex, education and apolipoprotein E genotype across ethnocultural groups and geographic regions: a collaborative cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Lipnicki","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.27","first-page":"80","article-title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment: epidemiology, mechanisms and management","volume":"2","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00258"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-128"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00455-1"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.18.1.1"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000122077.87090.2E"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096625"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001756"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00135","article-title":"Six-year training improves everyday memory in healthy older people. Randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Requena","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.42.2.123"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2478\/v10038-010-0030-2","article-title":"\"You Think You Are Too Old to Play?\" playing games and aging","volume":"12","author":"Bronikowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human Movement"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/00222216.1993.11969913","article-title":"Leisure and health: the role of social support and self-determination","volume":"25","author":"Coleman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Leis Res"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00099-0"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/04419057.2003.9674304","article-title":"Older golfers: serious leisure and successful aging","volume":"45","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"2003","journal-title":"World Leis J"},{"key":"2025100310054583000_72.10.944.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199603213341202"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2017-210052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T17:05:59Z","timestamp":1759511159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2017-210052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2017-210052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2017-210052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,23]]}}}