{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:45:49Z","timestamp":1791819949207,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"name":"Ane Gyllenberg Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Based on existing studies, there is no conclusive evidence as to whether and why paternal age matters for birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used Finnish population registers on 106\u2009652 children born 1987\u20132000. We first document the unadjusted association between paternal age and the risk of low birth weight (LBW; &lt;2500\u2009g) and preterm birth (&lt;37 weeks\u2019 gestation). Second, we investigate whether the unadjusted association is attenuated on adjustment for child\u2019s, maternal and parental socioeconomic characteristics. Third, by adopting a within-family design which involves comparing children born to the same father at different ages, we additionally adjust for unobserved parental characteristics shared between siblings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The unadjusted results show that being born to a father aged 40+, as opposed to a father aged 30\u201334, is associated with an increased risk of LBW of 0.96% (95%\u2009CI 0.5% to 1.3%) and to a younger father (&lt;25) with a 1% (95%\u2009CI 0.6% to 1.3%) increased risk. The increased risk at younger paternal ages is halved on adjustment for the child\u2019s characteristics and fully attenuated on adjustment for child\/parental characteristics. The increased risk at paternal ages 40+ is\u2009partially attenuated on adjustment for maternal characteristics (\u03b2=0.62%; 95%\u2009CI 0.13% to 1.1%). Adjustment for unobserved parental characteristics shared by siblings further attenuates the 40+ coefficient (\u03b2=0.4%; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.5% to \u22121.2%). Results for preterm delivery are similar.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results underscore the importance of considering paternal age as a potential risk factor for adverse birth outcomes and of expanding research on its role and the mechanisms linking it to birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-210170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]],"date-time":"2018-08-12T12:15:27Z","timestamp":1534076127000},"page":"1104-1109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Paternal age and the risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery: a Finnish register-based study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3038-0337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Goisis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Remes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieron","family":"Barclay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"Martikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Population Research Unit, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"Myrskyl\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany"},{"name":"Social Statistics and Centre for Research Methods, Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100304300004000_72.12.1104.1","first-page":"663","article-title":"Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Kramer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025100304300004000_72.12.1104.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7143.1483","article-title":"Differences in late fetal death rates in association with determinants of small for gestational age fetuses: population based cohort study","volume":"316","author":"Cnattingius","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025100304300004000_72.12.1104.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0965539506001781","article-title":"What is the right age to reproduce?","volume":"17","author":"Nwandison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fetal Matern Med Rev"},{"key":"2025100304300004000_72.12.1104.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx177","article-title":"Advanced maternal age is not a risk factor for low birth weight and preterm delivery","volume":"186","author":"Goisis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025100304300004000_72.12.1104.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.08.026"},{"key":"2025100304300004000_72.12.1104.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartorius GA , Nieschlag E . 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Introductory econometrics: a modern approach: cengage learning. 2012."},{"key":"2025100304300004000_72.12.1104.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.486827"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2017-210170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T11:30:11Z","timestamp":1759491011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2017-210170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2017-210170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2017-210170","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,12]]}}}