{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:42:19Z","timestamp":1759538539432,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578009600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Fund","award":["The Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women\u2019s B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women\u2019s B"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008914","name":"The Ontario Brain Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["The Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women\u2019s B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women\u2019s B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008914","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fredrick Banting & C. Best Graduate Scholarship","The Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women\u2019s B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fredrick Banting & C. Best Graduate Scholarship","The Wilfred and Joyce Posluns Chair in Women\u2019s B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000197","name":"Atkinson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000197","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Bangladesh, little is known about community-level factors shaping married women\u2019s experiences of male intimate partner physical violence (MIPPV); it is also unknown if these factors interact with each other. We examined the (1) association between four residential community characteristics defined by the attributes of ever married women in those communities\u2013younger age, lower education, higher participation in earning an income and poverty; and (2) two-way interactions between these community-level MIPPV correlates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We used a cross-sectional sample comprising 14\u2009557 currently married women who were living with their spouses from 911 Bangladeshi communities. Data were collected during 13\u201322 August 2015. Conflict Tactics Scale-2 measured the outcome\u2013women\u2019s current MIPPV experiences; and multilevel logistic regression models predicted this outcome.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Four community characteristics including higher proportions of women\u2019s earning an income and achieving higher education were not associated with their increased likelihood of experiencing MIPPV. However, women living in <jats:italic>higher earning participation, higher educated<\/jats:italic> communities were significantly more likely to experience MIPPV than those in <jats:italic>lower earning participation, higher educated<\/jats:italic> communities (predicted probability, p=0.30, 95%\u2009CI 0.26 to 0.34 vs p=0.24, 95%\u2009CI 0.22 to 0.25).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This is the first study to examine interactions between women\u2019s community-level MIPPV correlates in Bangladesh. Although we did not find support for the relationship between women\u2019s most intersectional community-level locations and MIPPV, we did find a currently invisible vulnerable intersectional location: <jats:italic>higher earning participation, higher educated<\/jats:italic> communities. Bangladeshi violence against women prevention policies and programmes, therefore, need to engage with these particular communities to tackle head on male responses to these locations to reduce MIPPV.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T17:15:42Z","timestamp":1573665342000},"page":"182-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Intersectional community correlates of married women\u2019s experiences of male intimate partner physical violence in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8117-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4851-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice","family":"Du Mont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4549-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"O'Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0770-5471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Einstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Gender Studies, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100308524103000_74.2.182.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240937"},{"key":"2025100308524103000_74.2.182.2","first-page":"366","article-title":"Spousal violence in Bangladesh: a call for a public-health response","volume":"26","author":"Johnston","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition"},{"key":"2025100308524103000_74.2.182.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.022756"},{"key":"2025100308524103000_74.2.182.4","unstructured":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics . 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