{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T00:11:04Z","timestamp":1773533464469,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Suomen Akatemia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["316595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous studies suggest that childhood experience of parental adversities increases the risk of subsequent offspring self-harm, but studies on distinct paternal and maternal characteristics are few and it remains unclear how these interact with childhood social position. The study aims to assess whether paternal and maternal adversities have different associations with offspring self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood. Interaction by offspring gender and childhood income are investigated, as well as cumulative effects of multiple adversities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study uses administrative register data on a 20% random sample of Finnish households with children aged 0\u201314\u2009years in 2000. We follow children born in 1986\u20131998 (n=155\u2009855) from their 13th birthday until 2011. Parental substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, criminality and hospitalisations due to interpersonal violence or self-harm are used to predict offspring self-harm with Cox proportional hazards models.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results show a clear increase in the risk of self-harm among those exposed to maternal or paternal adversities with HRs between 1.5 and 5.4 among boys and 1.7 and 3.9 among girls. The excess risks hold for every measure of maternal and paternal adversities after adjusting for childhood income and parental education. Evidence was found suggesting that low income, accumulation of adversity and female gender may exacerbate the consequences of adversities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings suggest that both parents\u2019 adversities increase the risk of self-harm and that multiple experiences of parental adversities in childhood are especially harmful, regardless of parent gender. Higher levels of childhood income can protect from the negative consequences of adverse experiences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]],"date-time":"2019-08-20T17:19:19Z","timestamp":1566321559000},"page":"1040-1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Experience of maternal and paternal adversities in childhood as determinants of self-harm in adolescence and young adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8413-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonas","family":"Pitk\u00e4nen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-703X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Remes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"Aaltonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Criminology and Legal Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"Martikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Research Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100522234056000_73.11.1040.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60322-5"},{"key":"2025100522234056000_73.11.1040.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30478-9","article-title":"Incidence of suicide, hospital-presenting non-fatal self-harm, and community-occurring non-fatal self-harm in adolescents in England (the iceberg model of self-harm): a retrospective study","volume":"5","author":"Geulayov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025100522234056000_73.11.1040.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.05.003"},{"key":"2025100522234056000_73.11.1040.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2005.35.3.239"},{"key":"2025100522234056000_73.11.1040.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.018","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of self-harm in adolescents: meta-analyses of community-based studies 1990\u20132015","volume":"57","author":"Gillies","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025100522234056000_73.11.1040.6","unstructured":"Eurostat . 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