{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:16:54Z","timestamp":1792444614662,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580083200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013-5104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-5104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013-5474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013-5474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["635316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["635316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Social and biological circumstances at birth are established predictors of adult socioeconomic position (SEP). This study aims to assess the trends in these associations across two generations and examine the effects of parental early-life characteristics on descendants\u2019 adult SEP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We studied men and women born in the Uppsala University Hospital 1915\u20131929 (G1) and their offspring born 1932\u20131960 (G2). Data were collected in archives and routine registers. Adult SEP was assessed as an aggregate measure combining education and occupation. The exposures were family SEP, mother\u2019s marital status, mother\u2019s parity, mother\u2019s age, standardised birth weight, gestational length and birth multiplicity. Linear regression was used to examine the associations across generations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The difference in adult SEP between low and high family SEP at birth was 15.8 (95% CI: 13.3 to 18.3) percentage points smaller in G2 compared with G1, although a considerable difference was still evident in G2. The associations of adult SEP with small birth weight for gestational age, post-term birth and high parity were stable between the generations: the generational differences in adjusted coefficients were 1.5 (95% CI: \u22121.1 to 4.1), 0.6 (\u20131.7 to 2.9) and 1.8 (\u20130.2 to 3.8) percentage points, respectively. The association between grandparental and grandchildren\u2019s SEPs was largely explained by parental socioeconomic conditions. Father\u2019s preterm birth was independently associated with offspring\u2019s SEP.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The stability of the associations between early-life biological disadvantages and adult SEP and the persistent, although attenuated, association between early-life and adult SEPs necessitates increased policy attention to both social and health conditions at birth.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-213209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T17:15:31Z","timestamp":1580145331000},"page":"412-420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Early-life social and health determinants of adult socioeconomic position: associations and trends across generations"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9078-419X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zakir","family":"Hossin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1883-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Bj\u00f6rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7034-1922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Koupil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100308113742000_74.5.412.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.02.031"},{"key":"2025100308113742000_74.5.412.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494816683878","article-title":"Persistence of social inequalities in modern welfare states: explanation of a paradox","volume":"45","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100308113742000_74.5.412.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2011.136333"},{"key":"2025100308113742000_74.5.412.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.25.3.153"},{"key":"2025100308113742000_74.5.412.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2006.0036"},{"key":"2025100308113742000_74.5.412.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719428"},{"key":"2025100308113742000_74.5.412.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuh D , Ben-Shlomo Y . 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