{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:38:25Z","timestamp":1787017105682,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"s1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Illicit drug use in adolescence has been linked to drug use and poor mental health in adult life, but few studies have examined the relation between adult economic and criminal justice outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analysed data from 14\u00a0082 participants (6999 women) in the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study. Illicit drug use over study members\u2019 lifetime and in the past year were self-reported at 16 years of age. Thirteen outcomes were self-reported at 30 years of age, including illicit drug use, smoking, problems with alcohol, mental and physical health, experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and experiences with the criminal justice system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At 16\u00a0years of age, 20.3% of the participants had ever tried an illicit drug and 7.2% had used in the past year. After adjustment for \ufeffchildhood socioeconomic status and mental health problems, and following correction for multiple testing, there was a dose\u2013response association between illicit drug use at 16 years with illicit drug use in adult life in the past year (OR; 95% CI \u2013 1.83, 1.51 to 3.12), experiencing homelessness (1.74, 1.16 to 2.62), being arrested (1.57, 1.29 to 1.92) and cautioned (1.97, 1.50 to 2.57) by the police, and being found guilty at court (1.73, 1.34 to 2.23).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent drug use was associated with an array of social and criminal outcomes in later life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-213282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T17:20:05Z","timestamp":1588612805000},"page":"705-709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of illicit drug use in adolescence with socioeconomic and criminal justice outcomes in adulthood: prospective findings from a UK national birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8371-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, The National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1822-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G David","family":"Batty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.129056","article-title":"Cannabis and progression to other substance use in young adults: findings from a 13-year prospective population-based study","volume":"66","author":"Swift","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12703"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3229","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of psychiatric disorders: prospective evidence from a US National Longitudinal Study","volume":"73","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobbi G , Atkin T , Zytynski T , et al. Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry [Internet] 2019. Available https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamapsychiatry\/fullarticle\/2723657 (accessed 22 Mar 2019).","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01839.x"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.4.427"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-005-9023-x"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.5"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12827","article-title":"Adolescent cannabis and tobacco use and educational outcomes at age 16: birth cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Stiby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.951116213.x","article-title":"The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: a review","volume":"95","author":"Lynskey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.10.1549"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl174"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.15","unstructured":"Goodman A , Butler N . BCS70: the 1970 British Cohort Study: the sixteen-year follow-up . London, England, United Kingdom: Inst Educ Lond, 1987."},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03350140051025"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050153"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.18","unstructured":"General R. Classification of occupations . London: HM Stationery Office, 1980."},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2007.00180.x"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy250","article-title":"Some desirable properties of the Bonferroni correction: is the Bonferroni correction really so bad?","volume":"188","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1195"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.6"},{"key":"2025100303265524000_74.9.705.23","unstructured":"Forti MD , Quattrone D , Freeman TP , et al. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry [Internet] . 2019. 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