{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:34:14Z","timestamp":1774690454790,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"s1\">\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Russia has one of the highest rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD). At age 35\u201369\u00a0years, they are eight times higher than in neighbouring Norway. Comparing profiles of blood-based CVD biomarkers between these two populations can help identify reasons for this substantial difference in risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s2\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We compared age-standardised mean levels of CVD biomarkers for men and women aged 40\u201369\u00a0years measured in two cross-sectional population-based studies: Know Your Heart (KYH) (Russia, 2015\u20132018; n=4046) and the seventh wave of the Troms\u00f8 Study (Troms\u00f8 7) (Norway, 2015\u20132018; n=17\u00a0646). A laboratory calibration study was performed to account for inter-laboratory differences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s3\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Levels of total, low-density lipoprotein-, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides were comparable in KYH and Troms\u00f8 7 studies. N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high\ufeff-sensitivity cardiac \ufefftroponin T (hs-cTnT) and high\ufeff-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were higher in KYH compared with Troms\u00f8 7 (NT-proBNP was higher by 54.1% (95% CI 41.5% to 67.8%) in men and by 30.8% (95% CI 22.9% to 39.2%) in women; hs-cTnT\u2014by 42.4% (95% CI 36.1% to 49.0%) in men and by 68.1% (95% CI 62.4% to 73.9%) in women; hsCRP\u2014by 33.3% (95% CI 26.1% to 40.8%) in men and by 35.6% (95% CI 29.0% to 42.6%) in women). Exclusion of participants with pre-existing coronary heart disease (279 men and 282 women) had no substantive effect.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s4\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Differences in cholesterol fractions cannot explain the difference in CVD mortality rate between Russia and Norway. A non-ischemic pathway to the cardiac damage reflected by raised NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT is likely to contribute to high CVD mortality in Russia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-213885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T17:53:24Z","timestamp":1589565204000},"page":"698-704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Why does Russia have such high cardiovascular mortality rates? Comparisons of blood-based biomarkers with Norway implicate non-ischaemic cardiac damage"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8972-3621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olena","family":"lakunchykova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Averina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2709-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Wilsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugh","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Malyutina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novosibirsk State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation"},{"name":"Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Ragino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine, Branch of Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth H","family":"Keogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander V","family":"Kudryavtsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Innovative Programs, Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Govorun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moskva, Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Elise","family":"Eggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laila Arnesdatter","family":"Hopstock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, 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