{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:38:40Z","timestamp":1792798720606,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department for International Development","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05rf29967","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"s1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conflict-affected settings, women and girls are vulnerable to gender-based violence (GBV). GBV is associated with poor long-term mental health such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding the interaction between current violence and past conflict-related violence with ongoing mental health is essential for improving mental health service provision in refugee camps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data collected from 209 women attending GBV case management centres in the Dadaab refugee camps, Kenya, we grouped women by recent experience of GBV using latent class analysis and modelled the relationship between the groups and symptomatic scores for anxiety, depression and PTSD using linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women with past-year experience of intimate partner violence alone may have a higher risk of depression than women with past-year experience of non-partner violence alone (Coef. 1.68, 95% CI 0.25 to 3.11). Conflict-related violence was an important risk factor for poor mental health among women who accessed GBV services, despite time since occurrence (average time in camp was 11.5\u00a0years) and even for those with a past-year experience of GBV (Anxiety: 3.48, 1.85\u20135.10; Depression: 2.26, 0.51\u20134.02; PTSD: 6.83, 4.21\u20139.44).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"s4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Refugee women who experienced past-year intimate partner violence or conflict-related violence may be at increased risk of depression, anxiety or PTSD. Service providers should be aware that compared to the general refugee population, women who have experienced violence may require additional psychological support and recognise the enduring impact of violence that occurred before, during and after periods of conflict and tailor outreach and treatment services accordingly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T17:20:50Z","timestamp":1604510450000},"page":"327-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Gender-based violence and its association with mental health among Somali women in a Kenyan refugee camp: a latent class analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1878-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mazeda","family":"Hossain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Women, Peace & Security, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3644-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel Jane","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9880-6154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alys","family":"McAlpine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9966-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loraine J","family":"Bacchus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health & Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7806-7956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Spangaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Muthuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheru","family":"Muuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Violence Prevention and Response Unit, International Rescue Committee UK, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Violence Prevention and Response Unit, International Rescue Committee UK, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2201-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bangha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimaraoke","family":"Izugbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100522504018000_75.4.327.1","unstructured":"UNHCR . 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