{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:08:46Z","timestamp":1780085326629,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","funder":[{"name":"Harvard Kennedy School Program in Criminal Justice Policy & Management","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>National monitoring of police\u2013public contact does not extend below age 16 and few studies have examined associations with adolescent mental health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We describe the distribution of police stops in a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of adolescents ages 12 to 18 years in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Supplement 2002 and 2007 (n=2557). We used survey-weighted race\/ethnicity-stratified and gender-stratified regression models to examine associations between the frequency of police stops and both depressive symptoms and subjective well-being (emotional, psychological and social). We adjusted for several socioeconomic covariates and evaluated effect modification by parental incarceration.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We estimated that 9.58% of adolescents were stopped two or more times. Despite fewer police stops compared with boys, Black and White girls who were stopped at least two times in the last 6\u2009months had higher average depression scores relative to girls who were not stopped (Black: 2.13 (95% CI: 0.73 to 3.53), White: 2.17 (95% CI: 1.07 to 3.27)) and these associations were stronger among girls whose parents had been incarcerated. Police stops were significantly associated with higher depressive scores for White, but not Black, boys (2+ vs 0 stops: White: 1.33 (95% CI: 0.31 to 2.36, Black: 0.53 (95% CI: \u20130.28 to 1.34)). Associations between subjective well-being and police stops were stronger among non-Hispanic Black relative to White girls, whereas for boys, associations varied across subjective well-being subscales.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>National monitoring data and public health research should examine adolescent police contact at younger ages stratified by both race\/ethnicity and gender in order to better understand its relationship with adolescent mental health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T16:47:32Z","timestamp":1608742052000},"page":"658-664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Frequent police stops, parental incarceration and mental health: results among US non-Hispanic Black and White adolescent girls and boys"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1346-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaquelyn L","family":"Jahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madina","family":"Agenor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarvis T","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4815-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100302473637000_75.7.658.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.05.027","article-title":"Police stops among at-risk youth: repercussions for mental health","volume":"65","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2025100302473637000_75.7.658.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.04.024","article-title":"Living under surveillance: gender, psychological distress, and stop-question-and-frisk policing in New York City","volume":"159","author":"Sewell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025100302473637000_75.7.658.3","unstructured":"Davis E , Whyde A , Langton L . 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