{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:00:51Z","timestamp":1790676051395,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA18-23940S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA18-23940S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex phenomenon and some research suggests that there are qualitatively distinct IPV types. However, little is known about the risk factors associated with different IPV types.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data from Violence against women: an European Union (EU)-wide survey, conducted by the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights was used. Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to identify distinct IPV patterns based on the intensity of eight forms of violence by current partners (n=30 675). Multilevel multinomial logistic regression was used to examine individual and country-level risk factors associated with the outcome IPV patterns.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A five-class solution was selected based on the LCA results. Two classes encompassed severe coercive IPV: the intimate terrorism class (1.5%) also comprised extensive physical violence whereas the high coercive control class (2.0%) did not. The partner\u2019s alcohol abuse, violent behaviour outside the relationship and the woman\u2019s abuse in childhood were the main individual factors positively associated with IPV. The country\u2019s gender equality levels were negatively associated with the odds of experiencing intimate terrorism (adjusted OR, aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.56) and high coercive control (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.85) versus no IPV. Although the effects of most individual risk factors were found universally for all IPV patterns, the strongest associations were typically revealed for the intimate terrorism pattern.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The results support the importance of coercive control as a factor differentiating between IPV types and also highlight the need to consider IPV typologies in research. Policy implications of the findings are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T17:41:31Z","timestamp":1610473291000},"page":"772-778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Patterns of intimate partner violence against women in Europe: prevalence and associated risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2182-1038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Podan\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Charles University Faculty of Arts, Praha, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2013."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.04.025"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/532093"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/353683"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X04270345"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.059907"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.7","unstructured":"Jacobson NS , Gottman JM . When men batter women: new insights into ending abusive relationships. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stark E . Coercive control: the entrapment of women in personal life. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2007.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195154276.001.0001"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.9","unstructured":"Johnson MP . Typology of domestic violence: intimate, terrorism, violent resistance, and situational couple violence. Lebanon, NH: Northeastern University Press, 2008."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895817743541","article-title":"Untangling the concept of coercive control: theorizing domestic violent crime","volume":"18","author":"Walby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Criminology Crim Justice"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donovan C , Barnes R . Re-tangling the concept of coercive control: a view from the margins and a response to Walby and towers (2018). Criminology Crim Justice 2019:174889581986462.doi:10.1177\/1748895819864622","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895819864622"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.095208"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514553631"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209681"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510370600"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517698950","article-title":"Coercive control and its impact on intimate partner violence through the lens of an EU-wide survey on violence against women","volume":"32","author":"Nevala","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.17","unstructured":"European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) . European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights: violence against women survey, 2012: special licence access. [data collection]. UK Data Service, 2019. Available: http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-7730-1 [Accessed 2 Jul 2019]."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.18","unstructured":"European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights . Violence against women: an EU-wide survey: survey methodology, sample and fieldwork. Luxembourg: publications office of the European Union, 2014. Available: https:\/\/fra.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/fra-2014-vaw-survey-technical-report-1_en.pdf [Accessed 06 Jun 2020]."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2016.08.004","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cross cultural risk markers for intimate partner violence","volume":"31","author":"Mallory","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2018.10.009","article-title":"Risk markers for physical intimate partner violence victimization: a meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Spencer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.21","unstructured":"Dutton DG . The domestic assault of women: psychological and criminal justice perspectives. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.22","unstructured":"European Institute for Gender Equality . Gender equality index 2019. Work\u2014life balance, 2020. Available: https:\/\/eige.europa.eu\/publications\/gender-equality-index-2019-work-life-balance [Accessed 6 Jun 2020]."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.23","unstructured":"European Commission . Eurobarometer 85.3 (2016). In: TNS opinion, Brussels [producer]. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne, ZA6695 Data file Version 1.1.0, 2018."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geiser C . Data analysis with mPLUS. New York: Guilford Press, 2012.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-93192-0"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.25","unstructured":"Snijders TAB , Bosker RJ . Multilevel analysis: an introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. 2 edn. Los Angeles: Sage, 2012."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000074","article-title":"Substance use and intimate partner violence: a meta-analytic review","volume":"8","author":"Cafferky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Violence"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516640547","article-title":"Risk factors for intimate partner violence: a comparison of antisocial and family-only perpetrators","volume":"34","author":"Petersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.11.012","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence victimization: a meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.2005.20.1.87"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e332","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00013-3","article-title":"Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: an analysis of data from population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Heise","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217015","article-title":"Prevalence of intimate partner violence against women in Sweden and Spain: A psychometric study of the 'Nordic paradox'","volume":"14","author":"Gracia","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.17645\/si.v1i1.109","article-title":"Identifying the barriers to women\u2019s agency in domestic violence: The tensions between women\u2019s personal experiences and systemic responses","volume":"1","author":"Aldridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Incl"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klugman J , Hanmer L , Twigg S . Voice and agency: empowering women and girls for shared prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2014.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0359-8"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-013-0264-5"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.35","unstructured":"European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights . Violence against women: an EU-wide survey: main results. Luxembourg: publications office of the European Union, 2014. Available: https:\/\/fra.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/fra_uploads\/fra-2014-vaw-survey-main-results-apr14_en.pdf [Accessed 6 Jun 2020]."},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.199"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.599"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.38","first-page":"160","article-title":"Putting coercive control into practice: problems and possibilities","volume":"60","author":"Barlow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Criminol"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801218816191","article-title":"Coercive control: update and review","volume":"25","author":"Stark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Violence Women"},{"key":"2025100304231012000_75.8.772.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3107"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2020-214987","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T11:23:22Z","timestamp":1759490602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2020-214987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2020-214987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2020-214987","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]}}}