{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:41:40Z","timestamp":1787751700838,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000286","name":"British Academy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIFBA19190679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIFBA19190679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["835079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["835079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deaths directly linked to COVID-19 infection may be misclassified, and the pandemic may have indirectly affected other causes of death. To overcome these measurement challenges, we estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, life expectancy and lifespan inequality from week 10 of 2020, when the first COVID-19 death was registered, to week 47 ending 20 November 2020 in England and Wales through an analysis of excess mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated age and sex-specific excess mortality risk and deaths above a baseline adjusted for seasonality with a systematic comparison of four different models using data from the Office for National Statistics. We additionally provide estimates of life expectancy at birth and lifespan inequality defined as the SD in age at death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There have been 57\u2009419 (95% prediction interval: 54 197, 60 752) excess deaths in the first 47 weeks of 2020, 55% of which occurred in men. Excess deaths increased sharply with age and men experienced elevated risks of death in all age groups. Life expectancy at birth dropped 0.9 and 1.2 years for women and men relative to the 2019 levels, respectively. Lifespan inequality also fell over the same period by 5\u2009months for both sexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantifying excess deaths and their impact on life expectancy at birth provide a more comprehensive picture of the burden of COVID-19 on mortality. Whether mortality will return to\u2014or even fall below\u2014the baseline level remains to be seen as the pandemic continues to unfold and diverse interventions are put in place.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-215505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T17:10:02Z","timestamp":1611076202000},"page":"735-740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":121,"title":["Estimating the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality, life expectancy and lifespan inequality in England and Wales: a population-level analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2926-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Aburto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Department of Sociology and Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0615-2868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ridhi","family":"Kashyap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Department of Sociology and Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3340-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Sch\u00f6ley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0529-4135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Angus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3633-5246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Ermisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Department of Sociology and Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1704-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda C","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Department of Sociology and Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2006-5656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer Beam","family":"Dowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Department of Sociology and Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100300495582000_75.8.735.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.3391","article-title":"Estimation of excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, March to may 2020","volume":"180","author":"Weinberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025100300495582000_75.8.735.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3221"},{"key":"2025100300495582000_75.8.735.3","unstructured":"ONS . 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