{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:22:41Z","timestamp":1792282961287,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"s1\">\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies in the general population of the Netherlands and identify risk factors for seropositivity amidst the first COVID-19 epidemic wave.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s2\">\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants (n=3207, aged 2\u201390\u00a0years), enrolled from a previously established nationwide serosurveillance study, provided a self-collected fingerstick blood sample and completed a questionnaire (median inclusion date 3 April 2020). IgG antibodies targeted against the spike S1-protein of SARS-CoV-2 were quantified using a validated multiplex-immunoassay. Seroprevalence was estimated controlling for survey design, individual pre-pandemic concentration, and test performance. Random-effects logistic regression identified risk factors for seropositivity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s3\">\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall seroprevalence in the Netherlands was 2.8% (95% CI 2.1 to 3.7), with no differences between sexes or ethnic background, and regionally ranging between 1.3 and 4.0%. Estimates were highest among 18\u201339 year-olds (4.9%), and lowest in children 2\u201317\u00a0years (1.7%). Multivariable analysis revealed that persons taking immunosuppressants and those from the Orthodox-Reformed Protestant community had over four times higher odds of being seropositive compared to others. Anosmia\/ageusia was the most discriminative symptom between seropositive (53%) and seronegative persons (4%, p&lt;0.0001). Antibody concentrations in seropositive persons were significantly higher in those with fever or dyspnoea in contrast to those without (p=0.01 and p=0.04, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec id=\"s4\">\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the midst of the first epidemic wave, 2.8% of the Dutch population was estimated to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, that is, 30 times higher than reported. This study identified independent groups with increased odds for seropositivity that may require specific surveillance measures to guide future protective interventions internationally, including vaccination once available.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-215678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T17:20:11Z","timestamp":1606584011000},"page":"489-495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Nationwide seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and identification of risk factors in the general population of the Netherlands during the first epidemic wave"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9124-5836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric R A","family":"Vos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerco","family":"den Hartog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rutger M","family":"Schepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Kaaijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"van Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kina","family":"Helm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaby","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alienke","family":"Wijmenga-Monsuur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janneke D M","family":"Verberk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiel","family":"van Boven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob S","family":"van Binnendijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hester E","family":"de Melker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Mollema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona R M","family":"van der Klis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100301365891000_75.6.489.1","unstructured":"John Hopkins University . 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