{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:52:26Z","timestamp":1782388346799,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Minority Health and Disparities","award":["1R01MD010403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MD010403"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL137696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL137696"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bureau of Justice Administration","award":["2015-RY-BX-K002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-RY-BX-K002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL1 TR001864"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1 TR001864"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1UG1DA050072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UG1DA050072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute of Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5K12DA033312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K12DA033312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"California Health Care Foundation","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001143","name":"William T. Grant Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01CA230444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA230444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VA Office of Academic Affiliations through the VA\/National Clinician Scholars Program and Yale University","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Jail incarceration rates are positively associated with mortality at the county level. However, incarceration rates vary within counties, limiting the generalisability of this finding to neighbourhoods, where incarceration may have the greatest effects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional analysis of census tract-level state imprisonment rates in New York State (2010) and life expectancy data from the US Small-area Life Expectancy Estimates Project (2010\u20132015). We modelled fixed-effects for counties and controlled for tract-level poverty, racial makeup, education, and population density from the American Community Survey (2010\u20132014), and violent crime data from the New York City Police Department (2010). We also examined interactions between incarceration rate and poverty, racial makeup, and population density on life expectancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Life expectancy at the highest quintile of incarceration was 5.5 years lower than in the lowest quintile, and over 2 years lower in a fully-adjusted model. Census tract-level poverty and racial makeup both moderated the association between incarceration and life expectancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Census tract-level incarceration is associated with lower life expectancy. Decarceration, including alternatives to incarceration, and release of those currently incarcerated, may help to improve life expectancy at the neighbourhood level.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-216077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T14:33:23Z","timestamp":1619534003000},"page":"1019-1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association of census tract-level incarceration rate and life expectancy in New York State"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louisa W","family":"Holaday","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Department of Internal Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keitra","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Connecticut Healthcare System, Department of Internal Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily Ai-hua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"},{"name":"SEICHE Center for Health and Justice, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11129"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.2","unstructured":"Alexander M . The new Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. The New Press, 2012."},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1162\/DAED_a_00020","article-title":"Punishment's place: the local concentration of mass incarceration","volume":"139","author":"Sampson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clear TR . Imprisoning communities: how mass incarceration makes disadvantaged neighborhoods worse. Oxford University Press, Inc, 2007.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195305791.001.0001"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.5","unstructured":"Bishop ET , Hopkins B , Obiofuma C . Racial disparities in the Massachusetts criminal system. Criminal Justice Policy Program, Harvard Law School, 2020."},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30259-3","article-title":"Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA","volume":"389","author":"Wildeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.7","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Incarceration and health","volume":"41","author":"Massoglia","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302184","article-title":"The collateral damage of mass incarceration: risk of psychiatric morbidity among Nonincarcerated residents of High-Incarceration neighborhoods","volume":"105","author":"Hatzenbuehler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.01.011","article-title":"High neighborhood incarceration rate is associated with cardiometabolic disease in nonincarcerated black individuals","volume":"28","author":"Topel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-007-9231-1"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2690-z","article-title":"Mass incarceration and public health: the association between black jail incarceration and adverse birth outcomes among black women in Louisiana","volume":"19","author":"Dyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112856","article-title":"County-level jail incarceration and preterm birth among non-Hispanic black and white U.S. women, 1999-2015","volume":"250","author":"Jahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.081760"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305425","article-title":"Incarceration rates and incidence of sexually transmitted infections in US counties, 2011-2016","volume":"110","author":"Nowotny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305413","article-title":"County jail incarceration rates and County mortality rates in the United States, 1987-2016","volume":"110","author":"Kajeepeta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.16","unstructured":"Tejada-Vera BBB , Arias E , Escobedo LA . Life expectancy estimates by us. census tract, 2010-2015. National Center for Health Statistics, 2020."},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.17","unstructured":"Boyd RW , Lindo EG , Weeks LD . On racism: a new standard for publishing on racial health inequities. Health Affairs Blog, 2020."},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.18","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of educational attainment on adult mortality in the United States","volume":"68","author":"Hummer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Popul Bull"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305414","article-title":"Exposure to the US criminal legal system and well-being: a 2018 cross-sectional study","volume":"110","author":"Sundaresh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100703211044000_75.10.1019.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6304-x","article-title":"Potential drivers of HIV acquisition in African-American women related to mass incarceration: an agent-based modelling study","volume":"18","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2020-216077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T10:21:21Z","timestamp":1759832481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2020-216077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2020-216077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2020-216077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]}}}