{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T20:44:45Z","timestamp":1788641085655,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCO-79897, MOP-89886, MSH- 95353, ROG-110537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCO-79897, MOP-89886, MSH- 95353, ROG-110537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the associations between maternal education and household income during early childhood with asthma-related outcomes in children aged 9\u201312 years in the UK, the Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, the USA and Canada.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data on 31\u2009210 children were obtained from 7 prospective birth cohort studies across six countries. Asthma-related outcomes included ever asthma, wheezing\/asthma attacks and medication control for asthma. Relative social inequalities were estimated using pooled risk ratios (RRs) adjusted for potential confounders (child age, sex, mother ethnic background and maternal age) for maternal education and household income. The Slope Index of Inequality (SII) was calculated for each cohort to evaluate absolute social inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ever asthma prevalence ranged from 8.3% (Netherlands) to 29.1% (Australia). Wheezing\/asthma attacks prevalence ranged from 3.9% (Quebec) to 16.8% (USA). Pooled RRs for low (vs high) maternal education and low (vs high) household income were: ever asthma (education 1.24, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.37; income 1.28, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.43), wheezing\/asthma attacks (education 1.14, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.35; income 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.44) and asthma with medication control (education 1.16, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.40; income 1.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.55). SIIs supported the lower risk for children with more highly educated mothers and those from higher-income households in most cohorts, with few exceptions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Social inequalities by household income on the risk of ever asthma, wheezing\/asthma attacks, and medication control for asthma were evident; the associations were attenuated for maternal education. These findings support the need for prevention policies to address the relatively high risks of respiratory morbidity in children in families with low socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2023-220726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T13:19:07Z","timestamp":1717766347000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Early family socioeconomic status and asthma-related outcomes in school-aged children: Results from seven birth cohort studies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-8770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwen","family":"Yang-Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Gauvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9cole de sant\u00e9 publique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Niki\u00e9ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Program Development and Support, Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay, Chisasibi, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-6349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas James","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yara Abu","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Markham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4r","family":"Andersson White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Medicine and Care, General Practice, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"},{"name":"Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Ludvigsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and 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