{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:49:42Z","timestamp":1788385782443,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025A1515012021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A1515012021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82204162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82204162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016691","name":"Guangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0920220207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0920220207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology","award":["2023QNRC001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QNRC001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Evidence regarding the association between maternal exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and its major components and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still limited. Our study aimed to fill this research gap with a case\u2013control study in Southern China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      191 cases and 764 controls were enrolled during 2013\u20132020. Daily mean PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and component concentrations were obtained from the ChinaHighAirPollutants. GDM was diagnosed using the WHO criteria. We used logistic regression integrated with inverse probability weighting and generalised weighted quantile sum regression models to estimate the association between PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      components during multiple trimesters and GDM risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A positive association was observed between PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure and GDM risk, with ORs of 1.36 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.66) and 1.34 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.67) per IQR increase in the first (18.8\u2009\u00b5g\/m\u00b3) and second (20.6\u2009\u00b5g\/m\u00b3) trimesters, respectively. Women with low income and education levels were particularly vulnerable to GDM following particulate exposure. Black carbon (weight: 0.33), nitrate (weight: 0.22) and sulfate (weight: 0.20) contributed most of the overall PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      mixture effect in the first trimester, while in the second trimester, sulfate (weight: 0.38) made the most significant contribution, followed by black carbon (weight: 0.22) and nitrate (weight: 0.20).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The risk of GDM was significantly associated with PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure in the first and second trimesters. The mixture impact in the first trimester was mainly attributed to black carbon, nitrate and sulfate, while that in the second trimester was mainly attributed to sulfate, black carbon and nitrate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2025-224703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:20:23Z","timestamp":1770142823000},"page":"463-470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maternal exposure to PM\n                    <sub>2.5<\/sub>\n                    and its major components and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: evidence from a case\u2013control study in Southern China"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Xian","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanji","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoru","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangmin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanidewuhaxi","family":"Tuohetasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Research Center, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People\u2019s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9655-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12854"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002488","article-title":"Increased risk of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus, a target group in general practice for preventive interventions: A population-based cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137349","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus: A review of evidence from biological mechanisms to population epidemiology","volume":"719","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105880","article-title":"Fine particular matter and its constituents in air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"142","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408456","article-title":"Association of Atmospheric Particulate Matter and Ozone with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"123","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109988","article-title":"Particle air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus in Houston, Texas","volume":"190","author":"Rammah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114802","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and gestational diabetes mellitus: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"255","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110470","article-title":"Associations between the chemical composition of PM2.5 and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"198","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19767-1","article-title":"The impact of PM2.5 and its constituents on gestational diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzetti S , Gennings C , Curtin P . gWQS: an R package for linear and generalized weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression. 2020. doi:10.1289\/isee.2021.O-SY-072","DOI":"10.1289\/isee.2021.O-SY-072"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114730","article-title":"Potential causal links between long-term ambient particulate matter exposure and cardiovascular mortality: New evidence from a large community-based cohort in South China","volume":"254","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx307"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115127","article-title":"Associations of greenness with gestational diabetes mellitus: The Guangdong Registry of Congenital Heart Disease (GRCHD) study","volume":"266","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.15","unstructured":"Organization, W H . Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyper glycaemia first detected in pregnancy. 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-NMH-MND-13.2"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3273-2020","article-title":"Improved 1\u2009km resolution PM 2.5 estimates across China using enhanced space\u2013time extremely randomized trees","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.112136"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106888","article-title":"Exposure to air pollutant mixture and gestational diabetes mellitus in Southern California: Results from electronic health record data of a large pregnancy cohort","volume":"158","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112393","article-title":"Combined effects of air pollutants on gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study","volume":"204","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22379-0","article-title":"Association between air pollution exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.2119","article-title":"Missing data imputation using classification and regression trees","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ Comput Sci"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280218756159"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen TQ , Guestrin C . XGBoost: a scalable tree boosting system. 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), San Francisco, CA: M Assoc Comp; 2016","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v015.i02"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.111956","article-title":"Association of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with the incidence of sleep disorders: A cohort study in China","volume":"211","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108843","article-title":"Human epidemiological evidence about the association between air pollution exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"180","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134390","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus in Guangzhou, China: A prospective cohort study","volume":"699","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-016-0121-4","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women in Massachusetts: a cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Fleisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.08.272","article-title":"Source apportionment of PM2.5 for 25 Chinese provincial capitals and municipalities using a source-oriented Community Multiscale Air Quality model","volume":"612","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-5549-2021","article-title":"Atmospheric conditions and composition that influence PM2.5 oxidative potential in Beijing, China","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP212","article-title":"Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution Causes Vascular Insulin Resistance by Inducing Pulmonary Oxidative Stress","volume":"124","author":"Haberzettl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2865"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0247-9","article-title":"Increased global placental DNA methylation levels are associated with gestational diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Reichetzeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2021.tb00168.x","article-title":"Uterine Vascular Control Preconception and During Pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Fournier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06510-7","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: the role of ethnicity and geography in risk and outcomes","volume":"68","author":"Yuen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3081","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05814","article-title":"Chronic Exposure to PM 2.5 Nitrate, Sulfate, and Ammonium Causes Respiratory System Impairments in Mice","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.06.002","article-title":"Ambient particulate air pollution and circulating antioxidant enzymes: A repeated-measure study in healthy adults in Beijing, China","volume":"208","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.070","article-title":"Acute effects of black carbon and PM\u2082.\u2085 on children asthma admissions: a time-series study in a Chinese city","volume":"481","author":"Hua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-018-0140-5","article-title":"Ambient and Traffic-Related Air Pollution Exposures as Novel Risk Factors for Metabolic Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Alderete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Epidemiol Rep"},{"key":"2026061002101548000_80.7.463.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.08.023","article-title":"Indicators of socio-economic status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women in urban Tianjin, China","volume":"144","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2025-224703","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:41:18Z","timestamp":1781084478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2025-224703"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2025-224703"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2025-224703","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]}}}