{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T02:32:41Z","timestamp":1779330761452,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic reversed a decade of progress in reducing child food insufficiency in the United States. Congress implemented a universal 15% increase in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits from January 2021 through September 2021 to address rising child food hardship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a difference-in-differences analysis using US Census Bureau data to evaluate the impact of this temporary expansion on child food insufficiency. We compared 9776 SNAP participating households with 18 961 eligible non-participating households, examining changes before and during the benefit expansion period while accounting for demographic and economic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The expansion was associated with a 20% reduction in the odds of child food insufficiency among SNAP participants compared with eligible non-participants (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.97). Hispanic-American households experienced a 39% reduction (OR = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.47 to 0.80), and households with six or more members showed a 33% reduction (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.02).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 15% SNAP benefit expansion in 2021 effectively reduced child food insufficiency during the pandemic, with particularly strong protective effects among Hispanic-American and large households. These findings support a universal food benefit expansion improving child health needs during a national health and economic crisis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2025-224854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:20:49Z","timestamp":1764786049000},"page":"137-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impacts of SNAP benefit increases on US child food insufficiency during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0042-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaxing","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, School of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-6420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, School of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bouv\u00e9 College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones JW , Toossi S . The food and nutrition assistance landscape: fiscal year 2023 annual report.","DOI":"10.32747\/2023.8054020.ers"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service . SNAP EBT. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/snap\/ebt"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.3","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service . Food security in the U.S. - measurement. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/food-nutrition-assistance\/food-security-in-the-us\/measurement"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.4","unstructured":"Ralston K , Treen K , Coleman-Jensen A , et al . Children\u2019s food security and USDA child nutrition programs."},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.5","unstructured":"Coleman-Jensen A . Food insecurity in U.S. households in 2018 is down from 2017, continuing trend and returning to pre-recession (2007) level. US Department of Agriculture; 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.usda.gov\/about-usda\/news\/blog\/food-insecurity-us-households-2018-down-2017-continuing-trend-and-returning-pre-recession-2007-level"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.6","unstructured":"Falk G , Nicchitta IA , Nyhof EC , et al . Unemployment rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/R46554"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.7","unstructured":"Pandemic Oversight . Find out how children received lunch when schools closed during the pandemic. 2023. Available: https:\/\/pandemicoversight.gov\/data-interactive-tools\/data-stories\/find-out-how-children-received-lunch-when-schools-closed-during"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.8","unstructured":"Coleman-Jensen A . Household food security in the United States in 2020. 2020."},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.9","unstructured":"Toossi S , Jones JW , Hodges L . The food and nutrition assistance landscape: fiscal year 2020 annual report."},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.10","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service . SNAP eligibility. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/snap\/recipient\/eligibility"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17016\/feds.2023.046","article-title":"Termination of SNAP Emergency Allotments, Food Sufficiency, and Economic Hardships","volume":"1\u201319","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEDS"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.12","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service . SNAP \u2013 extension of temporary increase in maximum allotments due to COVID-19. U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2021. Available: https:\/\/www.fns.usda.gov\/snap\/Extension-of-Temporary-Increase-in-Maximum-Allotments"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.28680","article-title":"Emergency Allotments in SNAP and Food Hardship Among Households With Children","volume":"7","author":"Austin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980024001447","article-title":"The association of increased SNAP benefits during COVID-19 with food insufficiency and anxiety among US adults: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"27","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.15","unstructured":"Wheaton L , Giannarelli L , Minton S , et al . How the senate budget reconciliation snap proposals will affect families in every us state. A summary of preliminary research findings. Urban Institute; 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.urban.org\/research\/publication\/how-senate-budget-reconciliation-snap-proposals-will-affect-families-every-us"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1142577","article-title":"The impact of the 2021 Thrifty Food Plan benefit re-evaluation on SNAP participants\u2019 short-term food security and health outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buuren SV , Groothuis-Oudshoorn K . mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Soft 2011;45. doi:10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.18","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service . Food security in the U.S. - key statistics & graphics. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2025. Available: https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/topics\/food-nutrition-assistance\/food-security-in-the-us\/key-statistics-graphics"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.19","unstructured":"Curran MA , Hartley RP . Food security and policy effects by family size."},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2009.00598.x"},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.21","unstructured":"Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . SNAP helps millions of Latinos. 2018."},{"key":"2026021003052573000_80.3.137.22","unstructured":"Peterson S , Toribio N , Farber J , et al . Nonresponse bias report for the 2020 household pulse survey. 2020."}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2025-224854","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:05:51Z","timestamp":1770721551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech-2025-224854"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech-2025-224854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2025-224854","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]}}}