{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T18:04:54Z","timestamp":1786125894267,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020175","name":"National Collaborative on Gun Violence Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020175","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rates of intimate partner homicides of women in the USA are high relative to other high-income countries, especially those involving firearms. We evaluated one potential policy solution by examining state Extreme Risk Protection Order (ERPO) firearm transfer laws and intimate partner homicide of women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was state rates of intimate partner homicide deaths among females aged 10\u201364 years per 100 000 using data from the Supplementary Homicide Reports (2014\u20132022). We also examined firearm homicide rates using vital statistics data (2014\u20132023), overall and stratified by racialised groups. This study used a two-stage least-squares instrumental variable approach where our exposure was the annual count of ERPO petitions filed in each state per 100\u2009000 population and our instrument was the presence of an ERPO policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, we did not observe statistically significant reductions in state rates of intimate partner homicides (beta=\u22120.05 per 100 000; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.11 to 0.01) or firearm homicides among women (beta=\u22120.04 per 100 000; 95%\u2009CI \u22120.13 to 0.05) associated with ERPO implementation. However, among white women, each annual increase of 1 per 100\u2009000 in the rate of ERPO petition filings was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the rate of firearm homicides of \u22120.04 per 100\u2009000 (95% CI \u22120.08 to \u22120.01, p=0.022).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest the potential for ERPO use to prevent fatal violence against white women and underscore the need for equitable policy solutions for black and Indigenous women who face the highest rates of intimate partner violence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2025-225298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:20:20Z","timestamp":1786123220000},"page":"jech-2025-225298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extreme Risk Protection Order laws and fatal violence against women: a quasi-experimental study"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1346-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaquelyn L","family":"Jahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and The Ubuntu Center on Racism, Global Movements and Population Health Equity, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel L","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Policy and The Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1763-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dovile","family":"Vilda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn","family":"Pinkerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of New Orleans Health Department, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of New Orleans Health Department, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maeve E","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080710201119000_jech-2025-225298v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.02.026"},{"key":"2026080710201119000_jech-2025-225298v1.2","unstructured":"Guns and violence against women. 2026 Available: https:\/\/everytownresearch.org\/report\/guns-and-violence-against-women\/"},{"key":"2026080710201119000_jech-2025-225298v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7334a4","article-title":"Notes from the Field: Intimate Partner Homicide Among Women - 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