{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:04:02Z","timestamp":1790186642363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01-DA036297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DA036297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Historical redlining, carried out by the Home Owners\u2019 Loan Corporation (HOLC), assigned US neighbourhoods grades A (\u2018best\u2019) to D (\u2018hazardous\u2019), institutionalising residential segregation and leaving lasting effects on neighbourhood development and health outcomes. There is limited research examining the association between residence in historically redlined areas, present-day neighbourhood socioeconomic status and chronic disease in Baltimore, Maryland.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used 2015\u20132019\u2009data from the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) cohort, an observational study of adults with a history of injection drug use living in or near Baltimore. We included 1335 participants (6568 visits), whose addresses could be assigned an HOLC grade and a 2015 Area Deprivation Index (ADI) percentile. Outcomes included eight chronic health outcomes for which we ran three logistic regression models: HOLC alone, ADI alone and both exposures with an interaction term.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ALIVE participants were predominantly older (median age: 53.5), black (80%) and male (67%). Relative to grade D, prevalence of hypertension was 14% and 6%\u2009higher in grades A and B and prevalence of liver disease was 5\u20136%\u2009higher in grades B and C. Overall, ADI was not associated with any outcome. Within grade D, we saw increases of 3%\u20135%\u2009in prevalence of hypertension, HIV, renal disease, lung disease and multimorbidity per 25-percentile increase in ADI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HOLC grade, ADI and chronic conditions had at most modest relationships. Select chronic diseases had lower prevalence in grade D than in areas with higher grades, which may reflect changes in community resources since the 1930s.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2025-225800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:20:44Z","timestamp":1790184044000},"page":"jech-2025-225800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between historical redlining, neighbourhood deprivation and chronic health in a cohort of people with a history of injection drug use"],"prefix":"10.1136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3364-6774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celeste","family":"Zinmon-Htet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7177-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline Erin","family":"Rudolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1903-696X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amii M","family":"Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Zalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Becky L","family":"Genberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092310201503000_jech-2025-225800v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.2.111"},{"key":"2026092310201503000_jech-2025-225800v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.5.404"},{"key":"2026092310201503000_jech-2025-225800v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0096144203029004002"},{"key":"2026092310201503000_jech-2025-225800v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jahist\/jaab066"},{"key":"2026092310201503000_jech-2025-225800v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/00420980231182336","article-title":"Federal \u2018redlining\u2019 maps: A critical reappraisal","volume":"61","author":"Markley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Studies"},{"key":"2026092310201503000_jech-2025-225800v1.6","unstructured":"Rothstein R . 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