{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:21:23Z","timestamp":1790076083119,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Study objective:<\/jats:bold> To determine the association between childhood abuse and becoming a smoker.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold> Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold> Boston, Massachusetts.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Participants:<\/jats:bold> 722 women aged 36\u201345 years who completed the baseline questionnaire for the Harvard study of moods and cycles and the survey of interpersonal relationships.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Main results:<\/jats:bold> Women who experienced either physical or sexual abuse as a child were 40% more likely to begin smoking compared with women with no history of abuse (95% CI 1.0 to 2.0). Virtually all of this association was confined to sexual abuse (OR\u200a=\u200a2.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.3) as compared with physical abuse (OR\u200a=\u200a0.7, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.6). However, the joint effect of experiencing both physical and sexual abuse as a child led to a 3.5-fold increase in the likelihood of becoming a smoker (95% CI 1.3 to 9.4) compared with women who did not experience any childhood abuse after adjustment for religion, social class, and poverty.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Women who experience childhood abuse, even in the absence of depression, are at increased risk of becoming cigarette smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.008870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,13]],"date-time":"2004-04-13T14:12:57Z","timestamp":1081865577000},"page":"402-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Childhood abuse and risk of smoking onset"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"H B","family":"Nichols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B L","family":"Harlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100304362976000_58.5.402.1","unstructured":"Archer J. 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