{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T12:16:19Z","timestamp":1783167379567,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n This article examines the multifaceted structures and complex operations of the World Health Organization and its regional offices; it also reassesses the form and the workings of the global smallpox eradication programme with which these bodies were closely linked in the 1960s and 1970s.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Using the case study of South Asia, it seeks to highlight the importance of writing nuanced histories of international health campaigns through an assessment of differences between official rhetoric and practice.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results and conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The article argues that the detailed examination of the implementation of policy in a variety of localities, within and across national borders, allows us to recognise the importance of the agency of field managers and workers. This analytical approach also helps us acknowledge that communities were able to influence the shape and the timing of completion of public health campaigns in myriad ways. This, in turn, can provide useful pointers for the design and management of health programmes in the contemporary world.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.055590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T14:20:42Z","timestamp":1221229242000},"page":"909-912","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The World Health Organization and global smallpox eradication"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.1","unstructured":"Basu RN Jezek Z Ward NA . The eradication of smallpox in India. New Delhi: WHO SEARO, 1979."},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.2","unstructured":"Fenner F Henderson DA Arita IA Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: WHO, 1988."},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/001946460304000403","article-title":"Crisis, charisma and triage: extirpating the pox.","volume":"4","author":"Naraindas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian Econ Soc Hist Rev XL"},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.4","unstructured":"Bhattacharya S . Expunging variola: the control and eradication of smallpox in India, 1947\u00e2\u0080\u00931977. New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2006."},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00035-6"},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4661.1021"},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.1997.9966140","article-title":"Malaria control, the Cold War and the postwar reorganisation of international assistance.","volume":"17","author":"Litsios","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Anthropol"},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.8","unstructured":"Lee S . WHO and the developing world: the contest for ideology. In: Cunningham A Andrews B , eds. Western medicine as contested knowledge. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997:24\u00e2\u0080\u009345."},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.9","unstructured":"Bounsulo DB . Decline and fall of the smallpox empire. Panjim: privately published, 1996."},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brilliant L . The management of smallpox eradication in India. Ann Arbor: University of Chicago Press, 1985.","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.13196711"},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.11","unstructured":"Jeffrey R . The politics of health in India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988."},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.12","unstructured":"Chacko AC . A goddess defied. World Health 1980;May."},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00300-I"},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.14","unstructured":"Banerji D . Landmarks in the development of health services in India. In: Qadeer I Sen K Nayar K R , eds. Public health and the poverty of reforms: the South Asian predicament. New Delhi: Sage, 2001:109\u00e2\u0080\u009314."},{"key":"2025100702465132000_62.10.909.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(84)90002-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.2006.055590","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T09:47:01Z","timestamp":1759830421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.2006.055590"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.2006.055590"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2006.055590","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]}}}