{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:54:13Z","timestamp":1772852053650,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"Suppl 2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most research on gender bias has been carried out in hospitals and focuses mainly on severe diseases. Consequently, little is known about gender bias in relation to other illnesses and healthcare settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To explore the existence of gender bias in the management of patients seeking primary care for respiratory complaints.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An observational, prospective blind follow-up study was performed in a primary care centre in Alicante, Spain. 830 patients were monitored from first visit to their general practitioner with a respiratory complaint until final diagnosis. Information was obtained about the diagnostic process (anamnesis, clinical examination and diagnostic tests) and therapeutic procedures (concession of unfit to work status and the patient\u2019s destination following the visit). Logistic regression was used to compare the diagnostic\/therapeutic procedures in men and women.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although men (318) and women (512) had similar respiratory complaints, after adjustment by age, marital status, employment, education, comorbidity and severity, men were more likely to be asked about smoking habits: RRa: 2.41 (95% CI: 1.57 to 3.70), auscultated: RRa: 1.30 (0.90 to 1.75), provided with a defined diagnosis: RRa: 1.77 (0.98 to 3.32) and considered unfit to work: RRa: 5.43 (1.64 to 9.96). Women were more likely to receive a pharyngotonsillar exploration: RRa: 0.63 (0.41 to 0.97).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite having the same respiratory symptoms, women were less likely to undergo diagnostic procedures and doctors tended to classify women in the category of undefined diagnosis more often. It should be considered that gender bias in the diagnosis could contribute to an erroneous estimation of respiratory disease prevalence, which could lead to unequal management of one sex related to the other.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.060301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]],"date-time":"2007-11-13T14:12:44Z","timestamp":1194963164000},"page":"ii11-ii16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The importance of study design strategies in gender bias research: the case of respiratory disease management in primary care"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Ruiz-Cantero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ronda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Dardet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Gender discrimination: a health and career development problem for women physicians.","volume":"48","author":"Lenhart Sh","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMWA"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.51.2.106"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136961"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1108\/02689239210013275","article-title":"Gender bias and the process of care.","volume":"6","author":"Dreachslin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Manage Med"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199307223290409"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/3.3.151"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.7","first-page":"383","article-title":"Gender bias in the evaluation and management of acute non-traumatic chest pain.","volume":"12","author":"Heston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fam Pract Res J"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410050061008"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199107253250401"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(95)00044-5"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.3.343"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1159\/000184160","article-title":"Racial, sexual and age inequalities in chronic dialysis.","volume":"45","author":"Kjellstrand","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370512"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.14","first-page":"76","article-title":"Health care according to gender patient\u2019s in emergency services: different or inequal?","volume":"9","author":"Ruiz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.6.1691"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1157\/13083272","article-title":"Attitudes toward the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care.","volume":"42","author":"Miravitlles","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afi092"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61063-0","article-title":"Sex differences in hospital admissions from emergency departments in asthmatic adults: a population-based study.","volume":"96","author":"Baibergenova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2025100703125539000_61.Suppl_2.ii11.19","unstructured":"Marinker M . 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