{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:45:19Z","timestamp":1792547119610,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the most frequent gender-specific suicide methods in Europe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proportions of seven predominant suicide methods utilised in 16 countries participating in the European Alliance Against Depression (EAAD) were reported in total and cross-nationally. Relative risk (RR) relating to suicide methods and gender was calculated. To group countries by pattern of suicide methods, hierarchical clustering was applied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting and participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on suicide methods for 119\u2009122 male and 41\u2009338 female cases in 2000\u20134\/5 from 16 EAAD countries, covering 52% of European population were obtained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hanging was the most prevalent suicide method among both males (54.3%) and females (35.6%). For males, hanging was followed by firearms (9.7%) and poisoning by drugs (8.6%); for females, by poisoning by drugs (24.7%) and jumping from a high place (14.5%). Only in Switzerland did hanging rank as second for males after firearms. Hanging ranked first among females in eight countries, poisoning by drugs in five and jumping from a high place in three. In all countries, males had a higher risk than females of using firearms and hanging and a lower risk of poisoning by drugs, drowning and jumping. Grouping showed that countries might be divided into five main groups among males; for females, grouping did not yield clear results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research on suicide methods could lead to the development of gender-specific intervention strategies. Nevertheless, other approaches, such as better identification and treatment of mental disorders and the improvement of toxicological aid should be put in place.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.065391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,13]],"date-time":"2008-05-13T13:28:44Z","timestamp":1210685324000},"page":"545-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":260,"title":["Suicide methods in Europe: a gender-specific analysis of countries participating in the \u201cEuropean Alliance Against Depression\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"A","family":"V\u00e4rnik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"K\u00f5lves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C M","family":"van der Feltz-Cornelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Marusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Oskarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Reisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Scheerder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Arensman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Aromaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Giupponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Gusm\u00e4o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Pull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Szekely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V P\u00e9rez","family":"Sola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U","family":"Hegerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.020834"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.16.2064"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.3","unstructured":"McIntosh J . Methods of suicide. In: Maris R, Berman A, Maltsberger J, et al., eds. Assessment and prediction of suicide. New York, London: The Guilford Press, 1992:382\u201397."},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.2000.tb00992.x","article-title":"Method choice, intent, and gender in completed suicide.","volume":"30","author":"Denning","year":"2000","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.6.484"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.6.718","article-title":"Some differences between men and women who commit suicide.","volume":"145","author":"Rich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.12.1885","article-title":"Suicide acts in 8 states: incidence and case fatality rates by demographics and method.","volume":"90","author":"Spicer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.8","unstructured":"Hendin H . Suicide in America. New York: Norton, 1982."},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1998.tb00622.x","article-title":"The gender paradox in suicide.","volume":"28","author":"Canetto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Suicide Life Threat Behav"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)90062-0","article-title":"Gender differences in completed and attempted suicides.","volume":"4","author":"Moscicki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.11","first-page":"312","article-title":"Why do people choose particular methods for suicide.","volume":"30","author":"Lester","year":"1988","journal-title":"Act Nerv Super"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(98)90057-8"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970701216681"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170600780X"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/13811119908258318","article-title":"Suicide rates in the world: update.","volume":"5","author":"Schmidtke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.16","unstructured":"Schmidtke A Weinacker B L\u00f6hr C . Suicide and suicide attempts in Europe\u2014an overview. In: Schmidtke A Bille-Brahe U De Leo D , eds. Suicidal behaviour in Europe. Results from the WHO\/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour. Seattle, Toronto, Bern, Gottingen: Hogrete & Huber, 2004:15\u201328."},{"key":"2025100309552897000_62.6.545.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertolote JM . Suicide in the world: an epidemiological overview, 1959\u20132000. In: Wasserman D , ed, ed. Suicide\u2014an unnecessary death. 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