{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:44:55Z","timestamp":1791665095210,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate associations between neighbourhood accessibility to gambling outlets (non-casino gaming machine locations, sports betting venues and casinos) and individual gambling behaviour in New Zealand.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A Geographical Information Systems (GIS) measure of neighbourhood access to gambling venues. Two-level logistic regression models were fitted to examine the effects of neighbourhood access on individual gambling behaviour after controlling for potential individual- and neighbourhood-level confounding factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>38\u2009350 neighbourhoods across New Zealand.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>12\u2009529 respondents of the 2002\/03 New Zealand Health Survey.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with those living in the quartile of neighbourhoods with the furthest access to a gambling venue, residents living in the quartile of neighbourhoods with the closest access were more likely (adjusted for age, sex, socio-economic status at the individual-level and deprivation, urban\/rural status at the neighbourhood-level) to be a gambler (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.15) or problem gambler (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.03 to 7.05). When examined independently, neighbourhood access to venues with non-casino gaming machines (gambling: OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.18; problem gambling: OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.45 to 5.07) and sports betting venues (gambling: OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.18; problem gambling: OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.45 to 5.07) were similarly related.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Neighbourhood access to opportunities for gambling is related to gambling and problem gambling behaviour, and contributes substantially to neighbourhood inequalities in gambling over and above-individual level characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.068114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]],"date-time":"2008-09-12T14:20:42Z","timestamp":1221229242000},"page":"862-868","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"title":["A national study of neighbourhood access to gambling opportunities and individual gambling behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Hiscock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100300531214000_62.10.862.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404298","article-title":"Updating and refining prevalence estimates of disordered gambling behaviour in the United States and Canada.","volume":"92","author":"Shaffer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"2025100300531214000_62.10.862.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1369"},{"key":"2025100300531214000_62.10.862.3","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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