{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:48:37Z","timestamp":1791179317631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate whether neighbourhood measures of geographical accessibility to outlets selling tobacco (supermarkets, convenience stores and petrol stations) are associated with individual smoking behaviour in New Zealand.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using geographical information systems, travel times from the population-weighted centroid of each neighbourhood to the closest outlet selling tobacco were calculated for all 38\u2009350 neighbourhoods across New Zealand. These measures were appended to the 2002\/03 New Zealand Health Survey, a national survey of 12\u2009529 adults. Two-level logistic regression models were fitted to examine the effects of neighbourhood locational access upon individual smoking behaviour after controlling for potential individual- and neighbourhood-level confounding factors, including deprivation and urban\/rural status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After controlling for individual-level demographic and socioeconomic variables, individuals living in the quartiles of neighbourhoods with the best access to supermarkets (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.42) and convenience stores (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.38) had a higher odds of smoking compared with individuals in the worst access quartiles. However, the association between neighbourhood accessibility to supermarkets and convenience stores was not apparent once other neighbourhood-level variables (deprivation and rurality) were included.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At the national level, there is little evidence to suggest that, after adjustment for neighbourhood deprivation, better locational access to tobacco retail provision in New Zealand is associated with individual-level smoking behaviour.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.070656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]],"date-time":"2008-07-15T23:15:26Z","timestamp":1216163726000},"page":"69-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["The neighbourhood effects of geographical access to tobacco retailers on individual smoking behaviour"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Pearce","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Hiscock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.1","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General. 2004 Surgeon General\u2019s Report\u2014the health consequences of smoking. Atlanta, Georgia: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004."},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68976-9"},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawachi I Berkman LF . Neighborhoods and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195138382.001.0001"},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.4","first-page":"433","article-title":"Does place of residence matter? 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Response to increases in cigarette prices by race\/ethnicity, income and age groups\u2014United States\u20141976\u20131993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47 Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998:605\u20139."},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.11.003"},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.11.1761"},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.03.018"},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.059196"},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.029843"},{"key":"2025100305472875000_63.1.69.33","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Tobacco facts 2003. 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