{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:16:51Z","timestamp":1790281011773,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In Spain, hookworm was first recognised as a miners\u2019 disease, becoming the goal of one of the most successful interventions in public health from 1912 to 1931. Hookworm also played a part in the growing interest in rural health problems that peaked during the Republican period (1931\u20136). The aim of this study was to compare the rationale and content of public health interventions against rural hookworm in Spain before the Civil War (1936\u20139) with those of interventions after the war.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Review of published and unpublished documents on hookworm produced by individual physicians and public health officials in the first half of the 20th century.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rural hookworm foci detected in pre-war years were explained in terms of the geographical and human environment and largely attributed to poor working and living conditions, prompting specific health campaigns. New rural foci were detected after the war, but this time the health administration did not intervene. Understanding of the disease changed, its impact on reproduction was highlighted and medical explanations pointed to the negative moral conditions of peasants rather than social issues.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Civil War brought rupture and continuity to the public health domain. Although the Francoist health administration preserved similar organisation patterns, its practice was governed by different priorities. Moral and even religious positions provided a rationale for what had been previously explained in social and environmental terms. This approach, together with the perception of hookworm as evidence of backwardness, led to official neglect of the condition, which was still prevalent in some rural areas.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.075929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,9]],"date-time":"2009-04-09T20:25:15Z","timestamp":1239308715000},"page":"670-674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hookworm in rural Spain, 1910\u20131960: shifting paradigms around the Civil War"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"E","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Oca\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Men\u00e9ndez-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.1","unstructured":"Barona JL Cherry S , eds. Health and medicine in rural Europe (1850\u00e2\u0080\u00931945). Val\u00c3\u00a8ncia: Seminari d\u00e2\u0080\u0099Estudis sobre la Ci\u00c3\u00a8ncia, 2005."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1179\/jrl.2006.2.2.31","article-title":"Health, medicine and cultural interaction in rural Spain 1875\u00e2\u0080\u00931936.","volume":"2","author":"Barona","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Regional Local Studies"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3989\/asclepio.2006.v58.i2.12","article-title":"El problema sanitario de Espa\u00c3\u00b1a: saneamiento y medio rural en los primeros decenios del siglo XX.","volume":"58","author":"Galiana","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asclepio"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.4","unstructured":"Sanidad del Campo. Parte de la Memoria del Director general de Agricultura, Minas y Montes \u00c3\u00a9 Informe que el Inspector general de Sanidad del Campo eleva como resultado de la inspecci\u00c3\u00b3n que ha practicado en las regiones de Castilla la Vieja, Leonesa, Galicia y Asturias, Extremadura, Andalucia y parte de Levante. Madrid: Ricardo F. de Rojas, 1912:5."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.5","unstructured":"Ettling J . The role of the Rockefeller Foundation in hookworm research and control. In: Schad GA Warren KS , eds. Hookworm disease. Current status and new directions. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1990:3\u00e2\u0080\u009314."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.6","first-page":"255","article-title":"Higiene contra la anemia de los mineros. La lucha contra la anquilostomiasis en Espa\u00c3\u00b1a (1897\u00e2\u0080\u00931936).","volume":"58","author":"Rodr\u00c3\u00adguez-Oca\u00c3\u00b1a","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asclepio"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.7","first-page":"71","article-title":"La tard\u00c3\u00ada intervenci\u00c3\u00b3n higi\u00c3\u00a9nica en el medio rural espa\u00c3\u00b1ol: el caso de la lucha contra la anquilostomiasis, 1910\u00e2\u0080\u00931960.","volume":"16","author":"Rodr\u00c3\u00adguez-Oca\u00c3\u00b1a","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutua"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.8","unstructured":"Inspecci\u00c3\u00b3n de Sanidad del Campo. Avances de los inventarios de Paludismo y Aguas Potables. Datos remitidos por los Inspectores Regionales. Madrid: Ministerio de Fomento, 1918."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.9","unstructured":"Rodr\u00c3\u00adguez-Oca\u00c3\u00b1a E . International health goals and social reform: the fight against malaria in interwar Spain. 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Madrid: Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos, 1927:32."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.12","unstructured":"Gaceta de Madrid 13 May 1926:852\u00e2\u0080\u00933."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-8486(00)00014-5"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birn AE . Marriage of convenience: Rockefeller international health and revolutionary Mexico. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781580466646"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.15","first-page":"611","article-title":"La conquista de la anquilostomiasis.","volume":"79","author":"Luengo","year":"1927","journal-title":"Siglo M\u00c3\u00a9dico"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.16","unstructured":"Gaceta de Madrid 8 January 1931:195."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.17","unstructured":"Rodr\u00c3\u00adguez Fornos F . Contribuci\u00c3\u00b3n al estudio de la anquilostomiasis en el Reino de Valencia. Valencia: Tip. Escriv\u00c3\u00a1, 1925."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.18","unstructured":"Guillam\u00c3\u00b3n A . El problema de la anquilostomiasis en la Huerta de Murcia. Memoria de la campa\u00c3\u00b1a de divulgaci\u00c3\u00b3n autorizada por el Excmo. Ayuntamiento y de los trabajos realizados. Murcia: Estudios M\u00c3\u00a9dicos, 1927."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.19","first-page":"837","article-title":"La anquilostomiasis en Castell\u00c3\u00b3n.","volume":"32","author":"Del Pino","year":"1928","journal-title":"La Cr\u00c3\u00b3nica M\u00c3\u00a9dica"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.20","unstructured":"Hern\u00c3\u00a1ndez-Pacheco de la Cuesta D . Aportaciones al estudio de la anquilostomiasis. PhD thesis. Madrid: Universidad Central, 1931."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.21","unstructured":"Almi\u00c3\u00b1ana-Gand\u00c3\u00ada JM . La anquilostomiasis en los pueblos de la Ribera Baja de Valencia. PhD thesis. Madrid: Universidad Central, 1933."},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.22","first-page":"249","article-title":"Contribuci\u00c3\u00b3n al estudio cl\u00c3\u00adnico de la anquilostomiasis.","volume":"39","author":"Xim\u00c3\u00a9nez del Rey","year":"1935","journal-title":"Cr\u00c3\u00b3nica M\u00c3\u00a9dica"},{"key":"2025100306115070000_63.8.670.23","first-page":"219","article-title":"Ensayo de higiene rural en la huerta de Murcia. 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