{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:45:34Z","timestamp":1791470734602,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine inequalities in immunisation and breast feeding by ethnic group and their relation to relative deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Manchester, UK.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>20\u2008203 children born in Manchester (2002\u20132007), who had been coded as of white, mixed, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and black or black British ethnicity in the Child Health System database.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Breast feeding at 2\u2005weeks post partum; uptake of triple vaccine (diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus) at 16\u2005weeks post partum; uptake of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR) by the age of 2.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Black or black British infants had the highest rates of breast feeding at 2\u2005weeks post partum (89%), and South Asian infants had the highest triple and MMR vaccination rates (Indian, 95%, 96%; Pakistani 95%, 95%; Bangladeshi 96%, 95%) after area level of deprivation, parity, parenthood status and age had been controlled for. White infants were least likely to be breast fed at 2\u2005weeks post partum (36%), and to be vaccinated with triple (92%) and MMR vaccines (88%). Within the white ethnic group, lower percentages of immunisation and breast feeding were significantly associated with living in a deprived area and with increasing parity. This was not found within black or black British and Pakistani ethnic groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Practices that are protective of child health were consistently less likely to be adopted by white mothers living in deprived areas. Methods of health education and service delivery that are designed for the general population are unlikely to be successful in this context, and evidence of effective interventions needs to be established.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.085142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,13]],"date-time":"2010-05-13T20:14:02Z","timestamp":1273781642000},"page":"346-352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Inequalities in immunisation and breast feeding in an ethnically diverse urban area: cross-sectional study in Manchester, UK"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Deborah","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Garrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Shiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.1","unstructured":"Department of Health. Every child matters: change for children in health services. London: Department of Health, 2004."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.2","unstructured":"Department of Health. National service framework for children, young people and maternity services. London: Department of Health, 2004."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.3","unstructured":"Department of Health. Immunization against infectious diseases, 2004. London: Department of Health, 2006."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Infant and young children nutrition. Global strategy on infant and young child feeding. Fifty Fifth World Health Assembly. Geneva: WHO, 2002."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.5","unstructured":"Department of Health. Review of the infant mortality health inequalities psa target. London: Department of Health, 2007."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.6","unstructured":"Department of Health, Infant Feeding Survey 2005. 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London: Office for National Statistics, 2008."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00708.x"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.14","unstructured":"Department of Health. Infant Feeding Survey 2000. London: Department of Health, 2002."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.043"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.045633"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7553.1312"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6423.1075"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.19","unstructured":"Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, The English indices of deprivation 2004. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2004."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.20","first-page":"15","article-title":"Assessing quality of NHS Numbers for Babies data and providing gestational age statistics","volume":"37","author":"Moser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Stat Q"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.21","unstructured":"Lupton R Power A . Minority Ethnic groups in Britain. In: Case-brooking Census Briefs No. 2. November 2004. http:\/\/sticerd.lse.ac.uk\/dps\/case\/CBCB\/census2_part3.pdf (accessed Mar 2010)."},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0714"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2003.12.003"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.24","first-page":"215","article-title":"Immunization uptake of Glasgow Asian children: paradoxical benefit of communication barriers?","volume":"10","author":"Bhopal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Community Med"},{"key":"2025100308252324000_65.4.346.25","unstructured":"Prosser H Baker D . Interventions to reduce child health inequalities by promoting breast feeding in disadvantaged groups. 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