{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T09:07:08Z","timestamp":1778404028689,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evidence for a cross-sectional relationship between income and health is strong but is probably biased by substantial confounding. Longitudinal data with repeated income and health measures on the same individuals can be analysed to control completely for time-invariant confounding, giving a more accurate estimate of the impact of short-term changes in income on health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>4 years of annual data (2002\u20132005) from the New Zealand longitudinal Survey of Family, Income and Employment were used to investigate the relationship between annual household income and self-rated health (SRH) using a fixed-effects ordinal logistic regression model. Possible effect modification of the income\u2013SRH relationship by poverty and baseline health was tested with interactions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An increase in income of $10\u2008000 over the past year increased the odds of reporting better SRH by 1% (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.02). Poor baseline health significantly modified the association between income and SRH. A $10\u2008000 increase in income increased the odds of better SRH by 10% for those with two or more chronic conditions. Poverty or deprivation did not modify the income\u2013health association.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The overall small, positive, but statistically non-significant, income\u2013health effect size is consistent with similar analyses from other longitudinal studies. Despite the overwhelming consensus that income matters for health over the medium and long-term, evidence free of time-invariant confounding for the short-run association remains elusive. However, measurement error in income and health has probably biased estimates towards the null.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.125021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]],"date-time":"2011-06-28T23:05:40Z","timestamp":1309302340000},"page":"e12-e12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The relationship between income and health using longitudinal data from New Zealand"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Fiona","family":"Imlach Gunasekara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristie N","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivy","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Blakely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.17.2037"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712253372606"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.7.949"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.21.1.543"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.11.725","article-title":"Randomised studies of income supplementation: a lost opportunity to assess health outcomes","volume":"53","author":"Connor","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.6","unstructured":"Allison PD . Fixed effects regression analysis for longitudinal data using SAS. Cary, North Carolina: SAS Institute Inc, 2005."},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.7","unstructured":"Peterson T . Analyzing panel data: fixed and random effects models. In: Hardy M Bryman A , eds. Handbook of Data Analysis. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2009."},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05340.x"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.9","first-page":"108","article-title":"Unraveling the SES: health connection","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Popul Dev Rev"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2005.01.004"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2007.05.007"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.755"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones AM Schurer S . How does heterogeneity shape the socioeconomic gradient in health satisfaction? Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Paper 07\/05. York: Department of Economics, University of York, 2007.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.989560"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00244-6"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.4.S209"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.9.718"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.03.021"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp215"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1177083X.2010.516440"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.20","unstructured":"Jensen J . Income Equivalences and the Estimation of Family Expenditures on Children. Wellington: Department of Social Welfare, 1988."},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.21","unstructured":"Salmond C Crampton P . NZDep2001 Index of Deprivation. Wellington: Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 2002."},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.22","unstructured":"Perry B . Household Incomes in New Zealand: Trends in Indicators of Inequality and Hardship 1982 to 2008. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development, 2009."},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2003.0025"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.008"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1980.tb01109.x","article-title":"Regression models for ordinal data","volume":"42","author":"McCullagh","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc Ser B"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agresti A . An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc, 2007.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470114754"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3325"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.28","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. A language and environment for statistical computing. R: ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2010. http:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1254","article-title":"What is the relationship between income inequality and health? Evidence from the BHPS","volume":"17","author":"Lorgelly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3559039"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.31","unstructured":"Wooldridge JM . Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2002."},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1430"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith TG Stoddard C Barnes MG . Why the poor get fat: Weight gain and economic insecurity. Forum for Health Economics and Policy. 2009;12:Article 5.","DOI":"10.2202\/1558-9544.1151"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.01.002"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp293"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(99)00206-1"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2955359"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bound J Brown C Mathiowetz N . Measurement error in survey data. In: Heckman J Leamer EE , eds. Handbook of Econometrics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001:3705\u2013843.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1573-4412(01)05012-7"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.6.1107"},{"key":"2025100302512663000_66.6.e12.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.XLII.4.739","article-title":"The impact of socioeconomic status on health over the life-course","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hum Resour"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.2010.125021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:51:34Z","timestamp":1759485094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.2010.125021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.2010.125021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2010.125021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,28]]}}}