{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,3]],"date-time":"2022-04-03T12:17:41Z","timestamp":1648988261417},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1969,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/jech.23.3.166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T19:49:51Z","timestamp":1226519391000},"page":"166-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnic differences in the incidence of malformations following migration."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"I","family":"Leck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"306","article-title":"International Medical exceeded a certain threshold, the mean values of the Congress","volume-title":"The genetics of common malformations. In Second International Conference on Congenital Malformations","author":"CARTER, C. 0","year":"1964","unstructured":"CARTER, C. 0. (1964). The genetics of common malformations. In Second International Conference on Congenital Malformations, New York, 1963. Ed. Fishbein, M. Pp. 306-313. International Medical exceeded a certain threshold, the mean values of the Congress, New York."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"variable for two populations","volume":"5","author":"CHARLEs, E.","year":"1951","unstructured":"variable for two populations would only need to CHARLEs, E. (1951). Statistical utilization of maternity differ by about one-fifth of a standard deviation for and child welfare records. Brit. J. soc. Med., 5, 41.","journal-title":"Brit. J. soc. Med; Statistical utilization of maternity differ by about one-fifth of a standard deviation for and child welfare records"},{"key":"ref_3","article-title":"the defect to occur in two per 1000 of one population","author":"CHUNG, C.S.","year":"1968","unstructured":"the defect to occur in two per 1000 of one population CHUNG, C. S., and MYRIANTHOPOULOS, N. C. (1968)."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"44","article-title":"ne per 1000 of the other","volume":"20","author":"o","year":"1965","unstructured":"and o,ne per 1000 of the other (Leck, 1965). Genetically determined ethnic differences at least as great are shown by the mean values of many morphological variables. Such variables can of course also be influenced by environmental factors, which, as Carter (1964) has suggested, must often determine Racial and prenatal factors in major congenital malformations. Amer. J. hum. Genet., 20, 44. Computation Laboratory of Harvard University (1955). Tables of the Cumulative Binomial Probability Distribution. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, 35. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.","journal-title":"Amer. J. hum. Genet; Genetically determined ethnic differences at least as great are shown by the mean values of many morphological variables. Such variables can of course also be influenced by environmental factors, which, as Carter"},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"finally whether the threshold beyond which","volume-title":"A formation occurs is exceeded in an individual whose classification of malformations. Acta genet. (Basel), 14, genotype puts him near to such a threshold. It seems that both the environmental and the genetic cpmponents in this process may vary according to ehnic group","author":"mal-EDWARDS, J.H.; LECK, I.; RECORD, R.G.","year":"1964","unstructured":"finally whether the threshold beyond which mal-EDWARDS, J. H., LECK, I., and RECORD, R. G. (1964). A formation occurs is exceeded in an individual whose classification of malformations. Acta genet. (Basel), 14, genotype puts him near to such a threshold. It seems that both the environmental and the genetic cpmponents in this process may vary according to ehnic group."},{"key":"ref_6","article-title":"Malformations in a population observed for five years after birth","author":"LECK, I.-(1961","unstructured":"LECK, I.-(1961). Malformations in a population observed for five years after birth. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham."},{"key":"ref_7","article-title":"Examination of the incidence of malforma-","author":"LECK, I.-(1964","unstructured":"LECK, I.-(1964). Examination of the incidence of malforma-"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"The incidence of substantial, malformations, -","volume-title":"Current concepts: etiology of malformations","year":"1965","unstructured":"The incidence of substantial, malformations, - (1965). Current concepts: etiology of malformations."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"864","article-title":"niiostly of types readily ascertained at birth, was studied in a series of 133,539 Birmingham children (including stillbirths) born in 1960-65, who were ctassified according to ethnic group. In children of Eluropean, Indian, or Pakistani parentage, anencephalus, spina bifida, and clefts of the lip and palate New Engl","volume":"273","unstructured":"niiostly of types readily ascertained at birth, was studied in a series of 133,539 Birmingham children (including stillbirths) born in 1960-65, who were ctassified according to ethnic group. In children of Eluropean, Indian, or Pakistani parentage, anencephalus, spina bifida, and clefts of the lip and palate New Engl. J. Med., 273, 864.","journal-title":"J. Med"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"457","article-title":"Incidence and epidemicity of Down's syndrome","volume":"2","unstructured":"Incidence and epidemicity of Down's syndrome. Lancet, 2, 457.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"163","article-title":"A note on the blood groups of Commonwealth immigrants to England","volume":"23","unstructured":"- (1969). A note on the blood groups of Commonwealth immigrants to England. Brit. J. prev. soc. Med., 23, 163.","journal-title":"Brit. J. prev. soc. Med"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Short-term changes wer much commoner than in those of West Indian in the incidence of malformations","volume":"17","author":"MILLAR, E.L.M.","year":"1963","unstructured":"-, and MILLAR, E. L. M. (1963). Short-term changes wer much commoner than in those of West Indian in the incidence of malformations. Ibid., 17, 1.","journal-title":"Ibid"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420010305","article-title":"The incidence of malformations in Birmingham, England, 1950-1959","volume":"1","author":"H, J.","year":"1968","unstructured":"J. H. (1968). The incidence of malformations in Birmingham, England, 1950-1959. Teratology, 1, 263.","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"The frequency of birth defects","author":"MELLIN, G.W.","year":"1963","unstructured":"MELLIN, G. W. (1963). The frequency of birth defects. In Birth Defects. Ed. Fishbein, M. Pp. 1-17. Lippincott, Philadelphia."},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"Genetics of inter-racial crosses in","author":"MORTON, N.E.","year":"1962","unstructured":"MORTON, N. E. (1962). Genetics of inter-racial crosses in"},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"Genetics of inter-racial crosses in Hawaii","author":"CHUNG, C.S.; Mi, M.-P.","year":"1967","unstructured":", CHUNG, C. S., and Mi, M.-P. (1967). Genetics of inter-racial crosses in Hawaii. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196711232772104","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the prevalence of anencephaly and spina bifida in Boston, Massachusetts","volume":"277","author":"NAGGAN, L.; MACMAHON, B.","year":"1967","unstructured":"NAGGAN, L., and MACMAHON, B. (1967). Ethnic differences in the prevalence of anencephaly and spina bifida in Boston, Massachusetts. New Engl. J. Med., 277, 1119.","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"398","article-title":"A study of major congenital defects in Japanese infants","volume":"10","author":"NEEL, J.V.","year":"1958","unstructured":"NEEL, J. V. (1958). A study of major congenital defects in Japanese infants. Amer. J. hum. Genet., 10, 398.","journal-title":"Amer. J. hum. Genet"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"4","article-title":"Genetics of anencephaly","volume":"1","author":"PENROSE, L.S.","year":"1957","unstructured":"PENROSE, L. S. (1957). Genetics of anencephaly. J. ment. Defic. Res., 1, 4.","journal-title":"J. ment. Defic. Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.36.188.404","article-title":"Congenital abnormalities in the African newborn","volume":"36","author":"SIMPKISS, M.; LowE, A.","year":"1961","unstructured":"SIMPKISS, M., and LowE, A. (1961). Congenital abnormalities in the African newborn. Arch. Dis. Childh., 36, 404.","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Childh"},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"World Health Organization Comparative Study of Congenital Malformations: Basic Tabulations in respect of Consecutive Post 28-Week Births recorded in the Co-operating Centres","author":"STEVENSON, A.C.; JOHNSTON, H.A.; GOLDING, D.R.; STEWART, M.I.P.","year":"1966","unstructured":"STEVENSON, A. C., JOHNSTON, H. A., GOLDING, D. R., and STEWART, M. I. P. (1966). World Health Organization Comparative Study of Congenital Malformations: Basic Tabulations in respect of Consecutive Post 28-Week Births recorded in the Co-operating Centres."},{"key":"ref_22","article-title":"Congenital Malformations. A Report of a Study of Series of Consecutive Births in 24 Centres","volume":"34","year":"1966","unstructured":"Medical Research Council Population Genetics Research Unit, Oxford. -, -, STEWART, M. I. P., and GOLDING, D. R. (1966). Congenital Malformations. A Report of a Study of Series of Consecutive Births in 24 Centres. Bull. Wld. Hith. Org., 34, Suppl.","journal-title":"Bull. Wld. Hith. 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