{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:18:58Z","timestamp":1790075938414,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Serological evidence of infection with influenza A and B viruses was sought during three successive winters. Paired sera from 1595 pregnant women were studied and 79 infections occurred in 77 women (4.8%). A further 77 women who had no serological evidence of recent influenza infection were selected from the study population to serve as a control group. Cases and controls were comparable with respect to age, race, marital status, and number of previous pregnancies. Their offspring had virtually identical mean birth weights, skull circumferences, lengths, and incidences of neonatal jaundice. Although all the infections occurred in either the second or the third trimesters of pregnancy, the cases delivered more babies with congenital abnormalities than did the controls. The possibility was considered that the presence of an abnormal fetus made these women more susceptible to influenza infection. Unexpectedly, the women experiencing influenza infection during pregnancy delivered an excess of male babies, and an excess of females was born to the controls. Although this difference was statistically highly significant (P &lt; 0.01), a biological explanation for the results was not readily apparent and it is suggested that future studies of influenza during pregnancy should particularly look for evidence of an altered sex ratio.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.34.2.124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:09:01Z","timestamp":1226502541000},"page":"124-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["A prospective study of influenza infections during pregnancy."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"P D","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C J","family":"Ronalds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R B","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1980,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(59)91585-5","article-title":"Maternal influenza and congenital deformities: a prospective study","volume":"2","author":"Coffey, V.P.; Jessop, W.J.E.","year":"1959","unstructured":"Coffey VP, Jessop WJE. Maternal influenza and congenital deformities: a prospective study. Lancet 1959; 2: 935-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)92362-2","article-title":"Influenza epidemic and congenital defects","volume":"2","author":"Hakosalo, J.; Saxen, L.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Hakosalo J, Saxen L. Influenza epidemic and congenital defects. Lancet 1971; 2: 1346-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.51.8.1182","article-title":"The effect of Asian influenza on the outcome of pregnancy, Baltimore, 1957-1958","volume":"51","author":"Hardy, J.M.B.; Azarowicz, E.N.; Mannini, A.; Medearis, D.N.; Cooke, R.E.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Hardy JMB, Azarowicz EN, Mannini A, Medearis DN, Cooke RE. The effect of Asian influenza on the outcome of pregnancy, Baltimore, 1957-1958. Am J Public Health 1961; 51: 1182-8.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"553","article-title":"Influenza and infant mortality","volume":"iii:","author":"Griffith, G.W.; Adelstein, A.M.; Lambert, P.M.; Weatherall, J.A.C.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Griffith GW, Adelstein AM, Lambert PM, Weatherall JAC. Influenza and infant mortality. Br Med J 1972; iii: 553-6.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5812.485","article-title":"Reported influenza in pregnancy and subsequent cancer in the child","volume":"ii:","author":"Fedrick, F.; Alberman, E.D.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Fedrick F, Alberman ED. Reported influenza in pregnancy and subsequent cancer in the child. Br Med J 1972; ii: 485-8.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"70","article-title":"Incidence of malformations following influenza epidemics","volume":"17","author":"Leck, I.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Leck I. Incidence of malformations following influenza epidemics. Br J Prev Soc Med 1963; 17: 70-80.","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Transplacental transfer of influenza virus. JA","volume":"216","author":"Yawn, D.H.; Pyeatte, J.C.; Joseph, J.M.; Eichler, S.L.; Garcia-Bunnel, R.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Yawn DH, Pyeatte JC, Joseph JM, Eichler SL, Garcia-Bunnel R. Transplacental transfer of influenza virus. JA MA 1971; 216: 1022-3."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"\"881","article-title":"In utero sensitization with influenza","volume":"149","author":"Ruben, F.L.; Winkelstein, A.; Sabbagha, R.E.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ruben FL, Winkelstein A, Sabbagha RE. In utero sensitization with influenza virus in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1975; 149: 881-3. 9Anonymous. Son of Australia antigen? Lancet 1978; 2: 1241-2.","journal-title":"virus in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med; Lancet; 9Anonymous. Son of Australia antigen"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref_9","first-page":"154","article-title":"Maternal health in early pregnancy and congenital defect: final report on a prospective inquiry","volume":"1961","author":"McDonald, A.D.","unstructured":"McDonald AD. Maternal health in early pregnancy and congenital defect: final report on a prospective inquiry. Br J Prev Soc Med 1961; 15: 154-166.","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"265","article-title":"Association between influenza during pregnancy and childhood leukaemia","volume":"iv:","author":"Hakulinen, T.; Hovi, L.; Karkinen-Jaaskelainen, M.; Penttinen, K.; Saxen, L.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Hakulinen T, Hovi L, Karkinen-Jaaskelainen M, Penttinen K, Saxen L. Association between influenza during pregnancy and childhood leukaemia. Br Med J 1973; iv: 265-7.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5841.631","article-title":"Incidence of neoplasms in children born after influenza epidemics","volume":"iv:","author":"Leck, I.; Steward, J.K.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Leck I, Steward JK. Incidence of neoplasms in children born after influenza epidemics. Br Med J 1972; iv: 631-4.","journal-title":"Br Med J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.34.2.124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T15:21:27Z","timestamp":1759504887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.34.2.124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1980,6]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1980,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1980,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.34.2.124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.34.2.124","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1980,6]]}}}