{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T04:40:02Z","timestamp":1759725602401,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In an area which had a high incidence of anencephalus, 3.2 per 1000 births, there was a significant drop to 1.3 per 1000, below the national average of 1.7 to 1.8, among conceptions after 1967. In the northern part of the area this drop was greater in summer than winter conceptions, providing additional evidence of a different process underlying case occurrences in the north of the area from that in the south. In 1957-61 there were significantly more births of anencephalic babies in North Fylde than in South Fylde, but both areas were supplied with soft water. From 1962 to 1969 the water changed from soft to slightly hard. Soft water does not appear to be a primary aetiological factor in anencephalus, but hard water may mitigate the effect of other factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.35.2.102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:09:01Z","timestamp":1226502541000},"page":"102-105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The incidence of anencephalus in the Fylde peninsula 1956-76 and changes in water hardness."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"J P","family":"Bound","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P W","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D M","family":"Brookes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B M","family":"Sayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1981,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/14639237809016062","article-title":"Analysis of the occurrence of anencephalic stillbirths in the Fylde Peninsula, 1956-1967","volume":"3","author":"BMcA, Sayers; SD, Segal; WR, Henshall; JP, Bound; PW, Harvey","year":"1978","unstructured":"Sayers BMcA, Segal SD, Henshall WR, Bound JP, Harvey PW. Analysis of the occurrence of anencephalic stillbirths in the Fylde Peninsula, 1956-1967. Med Inform 1978; 3: 51-68.","journal-title":"Med Inform"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5758.357","article-title":"Malformations of central nervous system and softness of local water supplies","volume":"U:","author":"Lowe, C.R.; Roberts, C.J.; Lloyd, S.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Lowe CR, Roberts CJ, Lloyd S. Malformations of central nervous system and softness of local water supplies. Br Med J 1971; U: 357-61.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"243","article-title":"Correlations of malformation frequency with environmental and genetic attributes in man","volume-title":"Handbook of teratology","volume":"3","author":"Leck, I.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Leck I. Correlations of malformation frequency with environmental and genetic attributes in man. In: Wilson JG, Fraser FC, ed. Handbook of teratology volume 3. New York: Plenum, 1977: 243-324."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"217","article-title":"Anencephalus and water hardness in South-West Lancashire","volume":"25","author":"Fielding, D.W.; Smithells, R.W.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fielding DW, Smithells RW. Anencephalus and water hardness in South-West Lancashire. Br J Prev Soc Med 1971; 25: 217-9.","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"146","article-title":"Major central nervous system malformations in South Wales","volume":"21","author":"Laurence, K.M.; Carter, C.O.; David, P.A.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Laurence KM, Carter CO, David PA. Major central nervous system malformations in South Wales. BrJ Prev Soc Med 1967; 21: 146-60.","journal-title":"BrJ Prev Soc Med"},{"article-title":"Censuses and Surveys","author":"ofPopulation, Office","key":"ref_6","unstructured":"-1972. Office ofPopulation Censuses and Surveys."},{"key":"ref_7","volume":"32","author":"on Medical, Studies; No, Population Subjects","year":"1976","unstructured":"Studies on Medical and Population Subjects No. 32. London: HMSO, 1976."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"577","article-title":"acrodermatitis enteropathica and congenital malformations","volume":"1","author":"Hambidge, K.M.; Neldner, K.H.; Zinc, Walravens P.A.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Hambidge KM, Neldner KH, Walravens PA. Zinc, acrodermatitis enteropathica and congenital malformations. Lancet 1975; 1: 577-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"\"36","article-title":"Trace elements in water and congenital malformations of the central nervous system in South Wales","volume":"30","author":"Morton, M.S.; Elwood, P.C.; Abernethy, M.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Morton MS, Elwood PC, Abernethy M. Trace elements in water and congenital malformations of the central nervous system in South Wales. BrJ Prev Soc Med 1976; 30: 36-9. *Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Schorah CJ et al. Possible prevention of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation. Lancet 1980; 1: 339-40.","journal-title":"BrJ Prev Soc Med; Possible prevention of neural-tube defects by periconceptional vitamin supplementation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071187","article-title":"Causation of neural tube defects: clues from epidemiology","volume":"30","author":"Leck, I.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Leck I. Causation of neural tube defects: clues from epidemiology. Br Med Bull 1974; 30: 158-63.","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.35.2.102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T03:58:40Z","timestamp":1759723120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.35.2.102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981,6]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1981,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.35.2.102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.35.2.102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0143-005X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1470-2738"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1981,6]]}}}