{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:50:40Z","timestamp":1777110640156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Parental occupation is a suspected risk factor in the occurrence of childhood cancer. Fourteen epidemiological studies investigating a possible association are reviewed and observations are found to be contradictory. Several reports show significant associations for occupations involving exposure to hydrocarbons, lead or chemicals and occupations of social classes I and II. Conversely, some studies find no association at all. Methodological variations do not account for the contrasting results so further investigation is required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.40.1.30","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:09:01Z","timestamp":1226502541000},"page":"30-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Parental occupations and cancer: a review of the literature."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"S E","family":"Arundel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L M","family":"Kinnier-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Occupation of father at time of birth of children dying of malignant diseases","volume":"28","author":"Fabia, J.; Thuy, T.D.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Fabia J, Thuy TD. Occupation of father at time of birth of children dying of malignant diseases. Br J Prev Soc Med 1974; 28: 98-100.","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.33.4.253","article-title":"Occupations of fathers of patients with Wilms'","volume":"33","author":"Kantor, A.F.; McCrea Curnen, M.G.; Wister Meigs, J.; Flannery, J.F.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kantor AF, McCrea Curnen MG, Wister Meigs J, Flannery JF. Occupations of fathers of patients with Wilms' tumour. J Epidemiol Community Health 1979; 33: 253-6.","journal-title":"tumour. J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"12","article-title":"The association between parental occupation and childhood malignancy","volume":"22","author":"Kwa, S.L.; Fine, L.J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kwa SL, Fine LJ. The association between parental occupation and childhood malignancy. J Occup Med 1980; 22: 12.","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.35.1.11","article-title":"Childhood cancer and parental occupation in Finland","volume":"35","author":"Hemminki, K.; Saloniemi, I.; Salonen, T.; Partanen, T.; Vainio, H.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hemminki K, Saloniemi I, Salonen T, Partanen T, Vainio H. Childhood cancer and parental occupation in Finland. J Epidemiol Community Health 1981; 35: 11-5.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7244631","article-title":"Brain tumours in children and occupational exposure of parents","volume":"213","author":"Peters, J.M.; Preston-Martin, S.; Yu, M.C.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Peters JM, Preston-Martin S, Yu MC. Brain tumours in children and occupational exposure of parents. Science 1981; 213: 235-6.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1982.249","article-title":"The relationship of incidence of childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia to social class","volume":"46","author":"McWhirter, W.R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"McWhirter WR. The relationship of incidence of childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia to social class. Br J Cancer 1982; 46: 640-5.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"216","article-title":"Childhood cancer and occupational radiation exposure in parents. Cancer 1984; 53: 1637-43. 'van Steensel-Moll HA, Valkenburg HA, van Zanen GE. Childhood leukaemia and parental occupation: a register-based case control studv","volume":"121","author":"Hicks, N.; Zack, M.; Caldwell, G.G.; Fernbach, D.J.; Falletta, J.M.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hicks N, Zack M, Caldwell GG, Fernbach DJ, Falletta JM. Childhood cancer and occupational radiation exposure in parents. Cancer 1984; 53: 1637-43. 'van Steensel-Moll HA, Valkenburg HA, van Zanen GE. Childhood leukaemia and parental occupation: a register-based case control studv. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 216-24.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"138","article-title":"Cancer in the offspring of fathers in hydrocarbon-related occupations","volume":"30","author":"Hakuliner, T.; Salonen, T.; Teppo, L.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hakuliner T, Salonen T, Teppo L. Cancer in the offspring of fathers in hydrocarbon-related occupations. Br J Prev Soc Med 1976; 30: 138-40.","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112904","article-title":"Cancer in children of parents exposed to hydrocarbon-related industries and occupations","volume":"111","author":"Zack, M.; Cannon, S.; Loyd, D.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Zack M, Cannon S, Loyd D, et al. Cancer in children of parents exposed to hydrocarbon-related industries and occupations. Am J Epidemiol 1980; 111: 329-36.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.35.4.245","article-title":"Occupations of fathers of children dying from neoplasms","volume":"35","author":"Sanders, B.M.; White, G.C.; Draper, G.J.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sanders BM, White GC, Draper GJ. Occupations of fathers of children dying from neoplasms. J Epidemiol Community Health 1981; 35: 245-50.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-198208000-00011","article-title":"Parental occupations and cancer in children","volume":"24","author":"Gold, E.B.; Diener, M.D.; Szklo, M.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gold EB, Diener MD, Szklo M. Parental occupations and cancer in children. J Occup Med 1982; 24: 578-84.","journal-title":"J Occup Med"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113799","article-title":"Association of childhood leukaemia with maternal age, birth order and paternal occupation","volume":"119","author":"Shaw, G.; Lavey, R.; Jackson, R.; Austin, D.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Shaw G, Lavey R, Jackson R, Austin D. Association of childhood leukaemia with maternal age, birth order and paternal occupation. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 119: 788-95.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.38.1.7","article-title":"Paternal occupation and Wilms' tumour in offspring","volume":"38","author":"Wilkins, JR, Sinks; T.H.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wilkins JR, Sinks TH. Paternal occupation and Wilms' tumour in offspring. J Epidemiol Community Health 1984; 38: 7-11.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1978.65","article-title":"Pre-cancers and liability to other diseases","volume":"37","author":"Kneale, G.W.; Stewart, A.M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Kneale GW, Stewart AM. Pre-cancers and liability to other diseases. Br J Cancer 1978; 37: 448-57.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","article-title":"Fabia and Thuy","year":"1974","unstructured":"Fabia and Thuy 1974"},{"key":"ref_16","article-title":"Fathers of 386 Quebec children who died from cancer before age 5 during 1965-70","unstructured":"Fathers of 386 Quebec children who died from cancer before age 5 during 1965-70"},{"key":"ref_17","article-title":"Source of information Birth certificates Kantor et","author":"al","year":"1979","unstructured":"Source of information Birth certificates Kantor et al 1979"},{"key":"ref_18","article-title":"Fathers of 149 incident Wilms' tumour cases (age 0-19 yr) reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry 1935-73","unstructured":"Fathers of 149 incident Wilms' tumour cases (age 0-19 yr) reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry 1935-73"},{"key":"ref_19","article-title":"Kwa and Fine","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kwa and Fine 1980"},{"key":"ref_20","article-title":"Fathers of 692 children born during 1947-57 and 1963-67 who died of cancer before age 15 in Massachusetts Fathers of 1384 children whose birth registration immediately preceded and followed that of each case child","unstructured":"Fathers of 692 children born during 1947-57 and 1963-67 who died of cancer before age 15 in Massachusetts Fathers of 1384 children whose birth registration immediately preceded and followed that of each case child"},{"key":"ref_21","article-title":"Hemminki et","author":"al","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hemminki et al 1981"},{"key":"ref_22","article-title":"Parents of childhood cancer cases (age under 15 at diagnosis) reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry 1959-75 (approximately 1600 cases)","unstructured":"Parents of childhood cancer cases (age under 15 at diagnosis) reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry 1959-75 (approximately 1600 cases)"},{"key":"ref_23","article-title":"For the 1959-68 cases: parents of the child born next after the case For the 1969-75 cases: parents of the children born next before and next after the case Records of welfare centres attended by mothers during pregnancy","year":"1981","unstructured":"For the 1959-68 cases: parents of the child born next after the case For the 1969-75 cases: parents of the children born next before and next after the case Records of welfare centres attended by mothers during pregnancy Peters et al 1981","journal-title":"Peters et al"},{"key":"ref_24","article-title":"Hicks et","author":"al","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hicks et al 1984"},{"key":"ref_25","article-title":"Parents of 92 children with brain tumours age under 10 at diagnosis identified from 1972-77 by the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program Parents of 127 incident cases (aged under 15) of ALL which occurred during 1973-79 gathered by the Queensland Childhood Malignancy Registry Parents of 298 cases of childhood cancer identified from the Texas Children's Hospital","year":"1977","unstructured":"Parents of 92 children with brain tumours age under 10 at diagnosis identified from 1972-77 by the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program Parents of 127 incident cases (aged under 15) of ALL which occurred during 1973-79 gathered by the Queensland Childhood Malignancy Registry Parents of 298 cases of childhood cancer identified from the Texas Children's Hospital, treated for cancer during March 1 976-December 1977"},{"key":"ref_26","article-title":"Face-to-face or telephone interviews and clinic records","author":"van Steensel-Moll et al 1985","unstructured":"Face-to-face or telephone interviews and clinic records van Steensel-Moll et al 1985"},{"key":"ref_27","article-title":"Parents of 519 children with ALL selected from nationwide register of childhood leukaemia in the Netherlands 1973-80","unstructured":"Parents of 519 children with ALL selected from nationwide register of childhood leukaemia in the Netherlands 1973-80"},{"key":"ref_28","article-title":"Parents of 507 children matched for sex and birth date and same municipal area as case children Postal questionnaires to parents Hakulinen et","author":"al","year":"1976","unstructured":"Parents of 507 children matched for sex and birth date and same municipal area as case children Postal questionnaires to parents Hakulinen et al 1976"},{"key":"ref_29","article-title":"Fathers of 852 incident cancer cases reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry 1959-68","unstructured":"Fathers of 852 incident cancer cases reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry 1959-68"},{"key":"ref_30","article-title":"A positive statistically significant association between fathers' occupations involving lead and offspring with Wilms' tumour Odds ratio = 3-7","unstructured":"A positive statistically significant association between fathers' occupations involving lead and offspring with Wilms' tumour Odds ratio = 3-7"},{"key":"ref_31","article-title":"Positive association between paternal occupation as paper or pulp mill worker and nervous system tumours (relative odds 2-8); positive association between paternal occupation as mechanic or machinist and tumours of the urinary tract (relative odds 2.5); no association with hydrocarbon-related occupations Maternal occupations found significantly more frequently among cases than controls included farmers' wives, pharmacists, saleswomen, bakers, and factory workers. Paternal risk occupations appeared to be farming, motor vehicle driving, machine repair, painting and work of men who gave academic degrees as their occupation","unstructured":"Positive association between paternal occupation as paper or pulp mill worker and nervous system tumours (relative odds 2-8); positive association between paternal occupation as mechanic or machinist and tumours of the urinary tract (relative odds 2.5); no association with hydrocarbon-related occupations Maternal occupations found significantly more frequently among cases than controls included farmers' wives, pharmacists, saleswomen, bakers, and factory workers. Paternal risk occupations appeared to be farming, motor vehicle driving, machine repair, painting and work of men who gave academic degrees as their occupation."},{"key":"ref_32","article-title":"Association between brain tumours and maternal exposure to chemicals, paternal exposure to solvents, and paternal employment in the aircraft industry Positive significant association between ALL and social class (p = 0 001)","unstructured":"Association between brain tumours and maternal exposure to chemicals, paternal exposure to solvents, and paternal employment in the aircraft industry Positive significant association between ALL and social class (p = 0 001)"},{"key":"ref_33","article-title":"Children whose fathers had military jobs with potential ionising radiation had an increased cancer risk (p = 0-01). Specific cancer types occurred significantly more often among children of fathers in certain radiation-related occupations Positive association between mothers' pregnancy occupations (hydrocarbon-related and chemicals related), RR-25 and 24. Mothers pre-occupations and fathers pre-diagnosis occupations showed no relation","unstructured":"Children whose fathers had military jobs with potential ionising radiation had an increased cancer risk (p = 0-01). Specific cancer types occurred significantly more often among children of fathers in certain radiation-related occupations Positive association between mothers' pregnancy occupations (hydrocarbon-related and chemicals related), RR-25 and 24. Mothers pre-occupations and fathers pre-diagnosis occupations showed no relation."},{"key":"ref_34","article-title":"Parents of 296 children with cancer who were followed at Texas Children's Hospital Research Hematology Clinic during","year":"1976","unstructured":"Parents of 296 children with cancer who were followed at Texas Children's Hospital Research Hematology Clinic during March 1976-December 1977"},{"key":"ref_35","article-title":"Sanders et","author":"al","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sanders et al 1981"},{"key":"ref_36","article-title":"children dying from neoplasms in England and Wales 1959-63 (4395) and","author":"Fathers of all","year":"1970","unstructured":"Fathers of all children dying from neoplasms in England and Wales 1959-63 (4395) and 1970-72 (2525)"},{"key":"ref_37","article-title":"Parents of 43 children developing leukaemia from 1969-74 and 70 children diagnosed with brain tumours from 1965-74 in the Baltimore Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area Shaw et a!","year":"1984","unstructured":"Parents of 43 children developing leukaemia from 1969-74 and 70 children diagnosed with brain tumours from 1965-74 in the Baltimore Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area Shaw et a! 1984"},{"key":"ref_38","article-title":"Wilkins and Sinks","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wilkins and Sinks 1984"},{"key":"ref_39","article-title":"Fathers of 255 childhood leukaemia cases born after 1964 that were reported to the California Tumor Registry and diagnosed between 1975 and","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fathers of 255 childhood leukaemia cases born after 1964 that were reported to the California Tumor Registry and diagnosed between 1975 and 1980"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"54806","article-title":"Three groups: Parents of children without cancer attending clinic at same time Siblings of parents of case group Neighbours of case parents matched for number and age of children","volume-title":"Fathers of all children dying from all other causes in England and Wales 1959-63","volume":"112840","author":"(54806)","year":"1970","unstructured":"Three groups: Parents of children without cancer attending clinic at same time Siblings of parents of case group Neighbours of case parents matched for number and age of children Fathers of all children dying from all other causes in England and Wales 1959-63 (112840) and 1970-72 (54806)"},{"key":"ref_41","article-title":"No association between hydrocarbon-related occupations and childhood cancer for any case-control comparison Death certificates","unstructured":"No association between hydrocarbon-related occupations and childhood cancer for any case-control comparison Death certificates"},{"key":"ref_42","article-title":"Interviews with mothers No overall association between deaths from neoplasms and hydrocarbon-related occupations but possibly between kidney tumours and hydrocarbon-related occupations An increased risk for children of parents in higher social classes The results of this study do not indicate a relationship between parental occupation and cancer in the offspring The only significant association was between paternal motor vehicle related occupations, for both leukaemia patients and brain tumour patients, and their cancer controls","unstructured":"Interviews with mothers No overall association between deaths from neoplasms and hydrocarbon-related occupations but possibly between kidney tumours and hydrocarbon-related occupations An increased risk for children of parents in higher social classes The results of this study do not indicate a relationship between parental occupation and cancer in the offspring The only significant association was between paternal motor vehicle related occupations, for both leukaemia patients and brain tumour patients, and their cancer controls"},{"key":"ref_43","article-title":"No statistically significant association was found between paternal occupations defined as hydrocarbon or lead related and Wilms'","unstructured":"No statistically significant association was found between paternal occupations defined as hydrocarbon or lead related and Wilms' tumour in offspring"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.40.1.30","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T11:37:01Z","timestamp":1759491421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.40.1.30"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1986,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1986,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1986,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.40.1.30"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.40.1.30","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-005X","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-2738","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1986,3]]}}}