{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:23:46Z","timestamp":1760189026407,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to characterise new users of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) for the relief of menopausal symptoms and to compare these women with never-users of HRT; 402 new users and 804 never-users were studied. Hot flushes were the most common symptom in both users and non-users and were the most frequent reason for prescribing HRT. The prevalence of menopausal symptoms in non-users of HRT was high although substantially lower than that in users. HRT users were more likely to be current cigarette smokers than were never-users. There was also, within smokers, a significant relation between the number of cigarettes smoked and the likelihood of using HRT. This relation between HRT use and smoking could result from an anti-oestrogen effect of smoking, intensifying menopausal symptoms. Of potential clinical relevance is the suggestion that a proportion of women using HRT may be doing so in order to alleviate smoking-induced symptoms. Users of HRT were also more likely to have used oral contraceptives than were never-users; this relation was probably behavioural.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.41.1.26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:09:01Z","timestamp":1226502541000},"page":"26-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Relation between cigarette smoking and use of hormonal replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S G","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T W","family":"Meade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"858","article-title":"Menopausal oestrogen therapy and protection from death from ischaemic heart disease","volume":"i:","author":"Ross, R.K.; Mack, T.M.; Paganini-Hill, A.; Arthur, M.; Henderson, B.E.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ross RK, Mack TM, Paganini-Hill A, Arthur M, Henderson BE. Menopausal oestrogen therapy and protection from death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1981; i: 858-60.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330310033022","article-title":"Estrogen use and all-cause mortality","volume":"249","author":"Bush, T.L.; Cowan, L.D.; Barret-Connor, E.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bush TL, Cowan LD, Barret-Connor E, et al. Estrogen use and all-cause mortality. JAMA 1983; 249: 903-6.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1978.03280410049017","article-title":"Non-contraceptive estrogens and non-fatal myocardial infarction","volume":"239","author":"Jick, H.; Dinan, B.; Rothman, K.J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Jick H, Dinan B, Rothman KJ. Non-contraceptive estrogens and non-fatal myocardial infarction. JAMA 1978; 239: 1407-8.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197606032942302","article-title":"Myocardial infarction and oestrogen therapy in post-menopausal women","volume":"294","author":"Rosenberg, L.; Armstrong, B.; Jick, H.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rosenberg L, Armstrong B, Jick H. Myocardial infarction and oestrogen therapy in post-menopausal women. N Eng J Med 1976; 294: 1256-9.","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112567","article-title":"Coronary risk and estrogen use in postmenopausal women","volume":"107","author":"Pfeffer, R.I.; Whipple, G.H.; Kurosaki, T.T.; Chapman, J.M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pfeffer RI, Whipple GH, Kurosaki TT, Chapman JM. Coronary risk and estrogen use in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 107: 479-87.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Risk of vascular disease in women. Smoking, oral contraceptives, non-contraceptive estrogens, and other factors. JA","volume":"242","author":"Pettiti, D.B.; Wingerd, J.; Pellegrin, F.; Ramcharan, S.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Pettiti DB, Wingerd J, Pellegrin F, Ramcharan S. Risk of vascular disease in women. Smoking, oral contraceptives, non-contraceptive estrogens, and other factors. JA MA 1979; 242: 1150-4."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"339","article-title":"Non-contraceptive estrogens and myocardial infarction in young women. JA","volume":"244","author":"Rosenberg, L.; Slone, D.; Shapiro, S.; Kaufman, D.; Stolley, P.D.; Miettinen, O.S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rosenberg L, Slone D, Shapiro S, Kaufman D, Stolley PD, Miettinen OS. Non-contraceptive estrogens and myocardial infarction in young women. JA MA 1980; 244: 339-42."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Report of Medical Research Council's Working Party on mild to moderate hypertension. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of mild hypertension: design and pilot trial","volume":"i:","year":"1977","unstructured":"Report of Medical Research Council's Working Party on mild to moderate hypertension. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of mild hypertension: design and pilot trial. Br Med J 1977; i: 1437-40.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112623","article-title":"Estimation of multiple relative risk functions in matched case-control studies","volume":"108","author":"Breslow, N.E.; Day, N.E.; Halvorsen, K.T.; Prentice, R.L.; Sabai, C.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Day NE, Halvorsen KT, Prentice RL, Sabai C. Estimation of multiple relative risk functions in matched case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 1978; 108: 299-307.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume 1: The analysis of case-control studies","author":"Breslow, N.E.; Day, N.E.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume 1: The analysis of case-control studies. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 1980."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113730","article-title":"Smoking and estrogen-related disease","volume":"119","author":"Baron, J.A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Baron JA. Smoking and estrogen-related disease. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 119: 9-22.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198510173131602","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, serum oestrogens, and bone loss during hormonereplacement therapy early after menopause","volume":"313","author":"Jensen, J.; Christiansen, C.; Rodbro, P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Jensen J, Christiansen C, Rodbro P. Cigarette smoking, serum oestrogens, and bone loss during hormonereplacement therapy early after menopause. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 973-5.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3711","article-title":"Obesity, hormones and cancer","volume":"41","author":"Kirschner, M.A.; Ertel, N.; Schneider, G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Kirschner MA, Ertel N, Schneider G. Obesity, hormones and cancer. Cancer Research 1981; 41: 3711-7.","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-1-70","article-title":"Relationship of fasting urinary calcium to circulating estrogen and body weight in postmenopausal women","volume":"50","author":"Frumar, A.M.; Meldrum, D.R.; Geola, F.; Shamouki, I.M.; Tataryn, IV, Deftos; LJ; Judd, H.L.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Frumar AM, Meldrum DR, Geola F, Shamouki IM, Tataryn IV, Deftos LJ, and Judd HL. Relationship of fasting urinary calcium to circulating estrogen and body weight in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1980; 50: 70-75.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.70.4.420","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and age at natural menopause","volume":"70","author":"Kaufman, D.W.; Slone, D.; Rosenberg, L.; Miettinen, O.S.; Shapiro, S.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kaufman DW, Slone D, Rosenberg L, Miettinen OS, Shapiro S. Cigarette smoking and age at natural menopause. Am J Publ Hlth 1980; 70: 420-2.","journal-title":"Am J Publ Hlth"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"121","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the age at menopause","volume":"9","author":"Adena, M.A.; Gallagher, H.G.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Adena MA, Gallagher HG. Cigarette smoking and the age at menopause. Ann Hum Biol 1982; 9: 121-30."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1976.03630030032007","article-title":"Osteoporosis of the slender smoker","volume":"136","author":"Daniell, H.W.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Daniell HW. Osteoporosis of the slender smoker. Arch Intern Med 1976; 136: 289-304.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.41.1.26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T11:50:36Z","timestamp":1759837836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jech.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/jech.41.1.26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,3]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/jech.41.1.26"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.41.1.26","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-005X","1470-2738"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0143-005X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1470-2738"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,3]]}}}