{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:12:01Z","timestamp":1759839121495,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) in Birmingham was measured in the period 1942-52 and again in 1950-54; it is measured now in 1974-83. Despite the introduction of neonatal screening for CDH in November 1966, between the times of the earlier and the present measurements there was no indication that CDH requiring prolonged treatment had declined. The performance of the procedure itself was poor. It detected only a third of genuine cases, and the false positives outnumbered the true positives by 10:1. The incidence of 'definite' cases varied markedly from year to year in a manner suggesting diagnostic idiosyncracies rather than genuine fluctuations. There was no evidence in particular maternity units that high levels of early detection led to low levels of late diagnosis. Indeed, maternity units with the worst results--the highest rates of late diagnosis and of prolonged treatment--had the highest rates of early detection and early treatment. Current theories of natural history, aetiology, and treatment should be reappraised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.41.4.283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:09:01Z","timestamp":1226502541000},"page":"283-289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effectiveness of screening for congenital dislocation of the hip."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"E G","family":"Knox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E H","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R J","family":"Lancashire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Environmental influences related to the aetiology of congenital dislocation of the hip","volume":"12","author":"Record, R.G.; Edwards, J.H.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Record RG, Edwards JH. Environmental influences related to the aetiology of congenital dislocation of the hip. Br J Prev Soc Med 1958; 12: 8-22.","journal-title":"Br J Prev Soc Med"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420010305","article-title":"The incidence of malformations in Birmingham, England, 1950-1959","volume":"1","author":"Leck, I.; Record, R.G.; McKeown, T.; Edwards, J.H.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Leck I, Record RG, McKeown T, Edwards JH. The incidence of malformations in Birmingham, England, 1950-1959. Teratology 1968; 1: 263-80.","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"115","article-title":"City of Birmingham Report of the Medical Officer of Health for the year","year":"1967","unstructured":"City of Birmingham Report of the Medical Officer of Health for the year 1967, 115."},{"key":"ref_4","article-title":"Screening for the detection of congenital dislocation of the hip in infants. Prepared by the Standing Medical Advisory Committee for the Central Health Services Council and the Secretary of State for Social Services","author":"D.H.S.S.","year":"1969","unstructured":"DHSS. Screening for the detection of congenital dislocation of the hip in infants. Prepared by the Standing Medical Advisory Committee for the Central Health Services Council and the Secretary of State for Social Services, 1969."},{"key":"ref_5","article-title":"Screening for the detection of congenital dislocation of the hip. Prepared by the Standing Medical Advisory Committee and the Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee for the Secretaries of State for Social","author":"D.H.S.S.","year":"1986","unstructured":"DHSS. Screening for the detection of congenital dislocation of the hip. 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JRoy Coll Phys 1986; 20: 56-62.","journal-title":"JRoy Coll Phys"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6268.926","article-title":"Epiphysitis in congenital dislocation of the hip","volume":"282","author":"Anon","year":"1981","unstructured":"Anon. Epiphysitis in congenital dislocation of the hip. Br Med J 1981; 282: 926.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90128-9","article-title":"Reasons for late detection of hip dislocation in childhood","volume":"ii:","author":"David, T.J.","year":"1983","unstructured":"David TJ, et al. Reasons for late detection of hip dislocation in childhood. 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New Z Med J 1986; 752-54.","journal-title":"New Z Med J"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.38.4.296","article-title":"The quality of notification of congenital malformations","volume":"38","author":"Knox, E.G.; Arnstrong, E.H.; Lancashire, R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Knox EG, Arnstrong EH, Lancashire R. The quality of notification of congenital malformations. J Epidemiol Community Health 1984; 38: 296-305.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"34","article-title":"Recent advances in the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip in Japan","volume":"184","author":"Yamamuro, T.; Ishida, K.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Yamamuro T, Ishida K. Recent advances in the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip in Japan. 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