{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:37:01Z","timestamp":1777855021817,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Epidemiol Community Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A case-control study of 271 men with testicular cancer and 259 controls was conducted in the Washington, DC area to evaluate whether suggested risk factors could be responsible for the epidemic increases in testicular cancer in young men. No substantial risks were associated with a history of groin hernia operation, the common childhood diseases, allergies, x rays below the waist, venereal disease, vasectomy, or external means of elevating the temperature of the testis. Excess risks were associated with a history of undescended testis (RR = 3.7, CI = 1.5-9.5), testicular trauma (RR = 2.6, CI = 1.6-4.2), and mumps orchitis (RR = 5.8, CI = 0.7-129.7). It is unlikely, however, that any of these conditions has increased sufficiently over time to markedly affect the testicular cancer incidence patterns. Therefore, while the risk factors identified in this paper are of epidemiological interest, they do not account for the increase in testicular cancer in young men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.41.4.349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T15:09:01Z","timestamp":1226502541000},"page":"349-354","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Testicular cancer in young men: the search for causes of the epidemic increase in the United States."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"L M","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L M","family":"Pottern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R N","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"164","article-title":"As in other investigations, the associations found or the failure to find associations could be due to bias","volume":"15","author":"LM, Pottern L.M.; RN, Hoover","year":"1986","unstructured":"As in other investigations, the associations found or the failure to find associations could be due to bias. Brown LM, Pottern LM, Hoover RN, et al. Testicular Selection bias does not appear to be a factor in this study since response rates were high and the controls chosen had referral patterns similar to those of the cases. However, it is possible that some of the cancer in the United States: Trends in incidence and mortality. Int J Epidemiolol 1986; 15: 164-70.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiolol; Testicular Selection bias does not appear to be a factor in this study since response rates were high and the controls chosen had referral patterns similar to those of the cases. However, it is possible that some of the cancer in the United States: Trends in incidence and mortality"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4812","article-title":"Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for testicular cancer","volume":"46","author":"Brown, L.M.; Pottern, L.M.; Hoover, R.N.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brown LM, Pottern LM, Hoover RN. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for testicular cancer. 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